Stant, k1, for Cl?binding (from 1e5 to 0.7e4). These results derive from the multiexponential kinetics of sensor charge movement in the meno presto model, some slowly moving charge contributions being missed due to shorter interrogation times, and the fact that only an apparent Qmax was provided. Such behavior corresponds to our biophysical observations of OHCs and complements the biophysical data, which show that total sensor chargeFIGURE 4 Sensor charge movements estimated from two-sine admittance analysis, off-current integration, or eM show low-pass order TAPI-2 frequency characteristics. (A) The AC measured specific sensor charge (Qsp) corresponds to the integrated offcharge and shows that discrete measures of charge movement by AC admittance provide underestimates of the total prestin charge. (B) Qsp (circles) and eM (triangles), which is known to be driven by voltage, display magnitudes that correspond to the predictions of the meno presto model (gray lines). Interrogation time is the geometric average of periods of the dual-sine protocol, the integration time of sensor charge, or the eM fundamental frequency period (see Results). The biophysical data and model indicate that regardless of chloride concentration (but at above-zero concentrations), positive voltage will move prestin into the compact state, asymptoting at the maximum sensor charge dictated by prestin membrane content. Data are derived from averages of multi-dual-sine currents (circles) and eM (triangles) from n ?5? OHCs. To see this figure in color, go online.Biophysical Journal 110, 2551?561, June 7, 2016Santos-Sacchi and Songmovement is not directly linked to chloride concentration, but rather is misestimated due to prestin kinetics, in contradistinction to long-held concepts. Finally, to measure prestin’s frequency-dependent behavior in finer detail and expand on our data set, we measured NLC using chirp stimuli. Fig. 5 shows averaged results from another group of cells under each of the two chloride conditions (five to six cells per condition). NLC increases with a reduction of interrogating frequency, approaching that expected from zero-frequency or infiniteintegration estimates of sensor charge (Fig. 5, A and B). The meno presto model produces similar results (Fig. 5, Cand D), whereas a fast two-state Boltzmann model and a linear electrical resistor-capacitor (RC) model show no indication of frequency- or voltage/frequency-dependent capacitance, respectively (Fig. 5, E, G, and H). Appropriately setting the rate constants in a two-state model (forward/ backward rate constants of 0.5e3 s?) can produce a frequency-dependent roll-off within the measured bandwidth (Fig. 5 F); however, the resulting single-exponential transitions produce a different form of frequency dependence as compared to either the biophysical data or the meno presto model. These data confirm the validity of multi-dual-sine analysis of both linear electrical models and OHC NLC,FIGURE 5 Membrane GW0742 msds capacitance versus frequency measured by high-resolution frequencydependent NLC of OHCs, the meno presto model, the fast two-state model, and the electrical model. (A) Averaged OHC NLC (n ?5) measured using the chirp protocol between 300 and 5000 Hz with 140 mM intracellular chloride. Note the rapid decline of peak capacitance. (B) Another group average of OHCs with 1 mM intracellular chloride (n ?6). The peak NLC decline is also evident in this condition. (C and D) Cm versus frequency as measured by the meno presto.Stant, k1, for Cl?binding (from 1e5 to 0.7e4). These results derive from the multiexponential kinetics of sensor charge movement in the meno presto model, some slowly moving charge contributions being missed due to shorter interrogation times, and the fact that only an apparent Qmax was provided. Such behavior corresponds to our biophysical observations of OHCs and complements the biophysical data, which show that total sensor chargeFIGURE 4 Sensor charge movements estimated from two-sine admittance analysis, off-current integration, or eM show low-pass frequency characteristics. (A) The AC measured specific sensor charge (Qsp) corresponds to the integrated offcharge and shows that discrete measures of charge movement by AC admittance provide underestimates of the total prestin charge. (B) Qsp (circles) and eM (triangles), which is known to be driven by voltage, display magnitudes that correspond to the predictions of the meno presto model (gray lines). Interrogation time is the geometric average of periods of the dual-sine protocol, the integration time of sensor charge, or the eM fundamental frequency period (see Results). The biophysical data and model indicate that regardless of chloride concentration (but at above-zero concentrations), positive voltage will move prestin into the compact state, asymptoting at the maximum sensor charge dictated by prestin membrane content. Data are derived from averages of multi-dual-sine currents (circles) and eM (triangles) from n ?5? OHCs. To see this figure in color, go online.Biophysical Journal 110, 2551?561, June 7, 2016Santos-Sacchi and Songmovement is not directly linked to chloride concentration, but rather is misestimated due to prestin kinetics, in contradistinction to long-held concepts. Finally, to measure prestin’s frequency-dependent behavior in finer detail and expand on our data set, we measured NLC using chirp stimuli. Fig. 5 shows averaged results from another group of cells under each of the two chloride conditions (five to six cells per condition). NLC increases with a reduction of interrogating frequency, approaching that expected from zero-frequency or infiniteintegration estimates of sensor charge (Fig. 5, A and B). The meno presto model produces similar results (Fig. 5, Cand D), whereas a fast two-state Boltzmann model and a linear electrical resistor-capacitor (RC) model show no indication of frequency- or voltage/frequency-dependent capacitance, respectively (Fig. 5, E, G, and H). Appropriately setting the rate constants in a two-state model (forward/ backward rate constants of 0.5e3 s?) can produce a frequency-dependent roll-off within the measured bandwidth (Fig. 5 F); however, the resulting single-exponential transitions produce a different form of frequency dependence as compared to either the biophysical data or the meno presto model. These data confirm the validity of multi-dual-sine analysis of both linear electrical models and OHC NLC,FIGURE 5 Membrane capacitance versus frequency measured by high-resolution frequencydependent NLC of OHCs, the meno presto model, the fast two-state model, and the electrical model. (A) Averaged OHC NLC (n ?5) measured using the chirp protocol between 300 and 5000 Hz with 140 mM intracellular chloride. Note the rapid decline of peak capacitance. (B) Another group average of OHCs with 1 mM intracellular chloride (n ?6). The peak NLC decline is also evident in this condition. (C and D) Cm versus frequency as measured by the meno presto.

Calhermeneutical strategy for interpreting interview text, because the aim on the method was to disclose the meaning of nurses’ practical experience of residents’ spiritual wants [44]. The strategy of evaluation was inspired by Ricoeur’s philosophy [45]. Interpretations of your text consist of a dialectic movement among understanding the entire text and components of your text, which can be constant with the hermeneutic approach [46]. This closeness and distance with the text implies interpreting the text with regards to reading the text for what it says and additional understanding what the text suggests. The analysis followed 3 actions: na e reading, structural analysis and formulation of a comprehensive understanding.Na e reading (initial reading)Information have been collected from June 2011 to January 2012. At least 1 interview was performed at each with the 4 institutions, plus a follow-up interview was performed. Analysis shows that recurrent information dialogue inside a distinct group may boost the understanding of a theme [40,41]. By means of obtaining a follow-up interview, we wanted to get the participants’ reflections immediately after the initial interview and deepen a number of the topics that the nurses discussed within the first interview [40]. The same moderator (1st author) and observer (second author) performed all eight interviews that have been positioned within the nursing residences, lasted 1 ?- 2 hours and recordedThe text was study various occasions to grasp the meaning as a complete. During the reading, we tried to concentrate on the nurses’ lived experiences as they reflected on the residents spiritual and existential expressions. Na e reading was discussed involving the researchers and further guided the thematic structural evaluation.Structural analysisAll 4 researchers carried out information coding. Very first, the text was divided into which means units. We reflected around the meaning units primarily based on the background of PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425085 the na e understanding and after that condensed the units to reflect the important meaning. We study by way of all of the condensed meaning units and reflected on their similarities and differences. Sub-themes have been then developed, which were assembled to themes and principal themes. We further reflected on the themes in relation towards the na e understanding, andbehr et al. BMC Nursing 2014, 13:12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/13/Page four ofif we discovered a discrepancy between the na e understanding and themes, the structural evaluation course of action was repeated till there was compliance.Comprehensive understandingWe reflected around the themes and sub-themes in relation to our pre-understanding, analysis query, and also the context of your study, in which we sought a complete understanding. The YHO-13351 (free base) credibility of your findings was assessed inside the process of coding, in that we chosen substantial sections in the participants’ statements and identified explicit themes. We sought to safeguard transparency and trustworthiness via quotations from various participations in the presentation of your findings. During the entire course of action, we attempted to assess consistency between the data presented and the study findings, including each key and minor themes. By comparing themes to the naive reading, we strengthened the validity in the evaluation.Ethical considerationsreligious activities, which include prayer and singing hymns. In addition, they observed that residents wanted to connect to them on a private level. The nurses described residents’ earlier interests, for instance nature experiences, culture and traditions as spiritual requirements, as.

Scopic light delivery systems. Laser light can be focused into thin optical fibers for delivery of light into deeper and difficult to access treatment sites. For example, in a recent clinical study by Jerjes et. al., [18] multiple fibers were placed underFigure 3: Examples of image-guided interstitial PDT for deeply situated tumors. A. Photograph of surgeon inserting needles under ultrasound-guidance for placing fibers in deep tissue. B. Light delivered to the heamangioma of the left infraorbital region through multiple fibers. Photographs of solid skin tumor in the ear with 6 fibers implanted under ultrasound guidance. C. One fiber is used for illumination while other 5 fibers are used for diagnostic purposes to evaluate light fluence, sensitizer concentration and tissue oxygenation. D. All the fibers are used in “transmit” mode to illuminate the whole tumor for PDT. Images adapted with permission from Jerjes et al [18] and Svanberg et al. [21]http://www.thno.orgTheranostics 2016, Vol. 6, Issueattractive feature of interstitial PDT is that it also facilitates efficient dosimetric planning. Because fibers are placed in predetermined locations within the target site, they can not only be used to deliver light, but can simultaneously act as diagnostic sensors that can gauge important PDT parameters that critically impact the therapeutic response, such as the fluence rate, PS concentration, PS purchase Stattic photobleaching, and the tissue oxygenation status [21, 22]. The low adverse event rates that have been reported in PDT treated PD173074 dose patients, who were otherwise unsuitable for surgery or resistant to chemotherapy, point to the potentially important role that PDT can play in treating pathologies such as cancer. Furthermore, it should be noted that these studies were performed by coupling laser light into optical fibers. Indeed, coupling non-collimated light sources into fibers, though feasible, leads to a significant loss in the power at the fiber output, and has generally not been considered. Recent advances in LED light source technology have led to their ability to output hundreds of Watts. Along with enhanced portability stemming from battery powered sources and precision optical fiber coupling, these non-collimated and less expensive light sources will ease the translation of PDT to clinical procedures.irradiance [30]. On the contrary, another study by Grecco et. al. demonstrated that a femtosecond laser irradiation produced twice as deep a necrotic zone compared to a CW laser at an equivalent dose (150 J/cm2) using the first-generation PDT sensitizer hemoatoporphyrin derivative (HpD) [31, 32]. Several differences, such as the type of PS and interval between irradiations etc, have made the comparison between pulsed and continuous PDT inconclusive. To determine factors that affect or increase the necrotic depth in a pulsed-PDT regime, Pogue et al simulated the deposited dose and reported that the pulsed laser irradiation can be beneficial for deep tissue PDT [33]; however, these results are modest and strongly depend on the PS, the laser pulse width, the pulse energy, and the repetition rate. In another study by Sterenborg et al [34], the simulations concluded that pulsed excitation in PDT is identical to CW for fluence rates below 4 ?108 Wm-2. At higher fluence rates, the effectiveness of pulse PDT drops significantly [34]. Despite promise for deep tissue PDT and the debate on the advantages of pulsed irradiation versus CW irradiation to produce optim.Scopic light delivery systems. Laser light can be focused into thin optical fibers for delivery of light into deeper and difficult to access treatment sites. For example, in a recent clinical study by Jerjes et. al., [18] multiple fibers were placed underFigure 3: Examples of image-guided interstitial PDT for deeply situated tumors. A. Photograph of surgeon inserting needles under ultrasound-guidance for placing fibers in deep tissue. B. Light delivered to the heamangioma of the left infraorbital region through multiple fibers. Photographs of solid skin tumor in the ear with 6 fibers implanted under ultrasound guidance. C. One fiber is used for illumination while other 5 fibers are used for diagnostic purposes to evaluate light fluence, sensitizer concentration and tissue oxygenation. D. All the fibers are used in “transmit” mode to illuminate the whole tumor for PDT. Images adapted with permission from Jerjes et al [18] and Svanberg et al. [21]http://www.thno.orgTheranostics 2016, Vol. 6, Issueattractive feature of interstitial PDT is that it also facilitates efficient dosimetric planning. Because fibers are placed in predetermined locations within the target site, they can not only be used to deliver light, but can simultaneously act as diagnostic sensors that can gauge important PDT parameters that critically impact the therapeutic response, such as the fluence rate, PS concentration, PS photobleaching, and the tissue oxygenation status [21, 22]. The low adverse event rates that have been reported in PDT treated patients, who were otherwise unsuitable for surgery or resistant to chemotherapy, point to the potentially important role that PDT can play in treating pathologies such as cancer. Furthermore, it should be noted that these studies were performed by coupling laser light into optical fibers. Indeed, coupling non-collimated light sources into fibers, though feasible, leads to a significant loss in the power at the fiber output, and has generally not been considered. Recent advances in LED light source technology have led to their ability to output hundreds of Watts. Along with enhanced portability stemming from battery powered sources and precision optical fiber coupling, these non-collimated and less expensive light sources will ease the translation of PDT to clinical procedures.irradiance [30]. On the contrary, another study by Grecco et. al. demonstrated that a femtosecond laser irradiation produced twice as deep a necrotic zone compared to a CW laser at an equivalent dose (150 J/cm2) using the first-generation PDT sensitizer hemoatoporphyrin derivative (HpD) [31, 32]. Several differences, such as the type of PS and interval between irradiations etc, have made the comparison between pulsed and continuous PDT inconclusive. To determine factors that affect or increase the necrotic depth in a pulsed-PDT regime, Pogue et al simulated the deposited dose and reported that the pulsed laser irradiation can be beneficial for deep tissue PDT [33]; however, these results are modest and strongly depend on the PS, the laser pulse width, the pulse energy, and the repetition rate. In another study by Sterenborg et al [34], the simulations concluded that pulsed excitation in PDT is identical to CW for fluence rates below 4 ?108 Wm-2. At higher fluence rates, the effectiveness of pulse PDT drops significantly [34]. Despite promise for deep tissue PDT and the debate on the advantages of pulsed irradiation versus CW irradiation to produce optim.

Calhermeneutical method for interpreting interview text, due to the fact the aim on the technique was to disclose the which means of nurses’ knowledge of residents’ spiritual requires [44]. The system of analysis was inspired by Ricoeur’s philosophy [45]. Interpretations on the text consist of a dialectic movement among understanding the whole text and components of the text, which is consistent together with the hermeneutic method [46]. This closeness and distance of the text implies interpreting the text when it comes to reading the text for what it says and further understanding what the text suggests. The evaluation followed three methods: na e reading, structural analysis and formulation of a comprehensive understanding.Na e reading (initial reading)Information had been collected from June 2011 to January 2012. At the very least one particular interview was performed at every in the 4 institutions, plus a follow-up interview was conducted. Analysis shows that recurrent knowledge dialogue in a certain group may well raise the understanding of a theme [40,41]. By means of obtaining a follow-up interview, we wanted to get the participants’ reflections just after the initial interview and deepen a few of the subjects that the Vericiguat chemical information nurses discussed in the very first interview [40]. The identical moderator (1st author) and observer (second author) performed all eight interviews that have been situated inside the nursing residences, lasted 1 ?- two hours and recordedThe text was read numerous occasions to grasp the which means as a complete. During the reading, we tried to focus on the nurses’ lived experiences as they reflected around the residents spiritual and existential expressions. Na e reading was discussed involving the researchers and additional guided the thematic structural evaluation.Structural analysisAll four researchers conducted data coding. 1st, the text was divided into which means units. We reflected around the which means units primarily based on the background of PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425085 the na e understanding and after that condensed the units to reflect the vital which means. We read via all the condensed which means units and reflected on their similarities and variations. Sub-themes had been then made, which had been assembled to themes and main themes. We further reflected around the themes in relation towards the na e understanding, andbehr et al. BMC Nursing 2014, 13:12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/13/Page four ofif we found a discrepancy among the na e understanding and themes, the structural evaluation course of action was repeated till there was compliance.Complete understandingWe reflected on the themes and sub-themes in relation to our pre-understanding, study query, and the context from the study, in which we sought a extensive understanding. The credibility from the findings was assessed inside the procedure of coding, in that we chosen important sections in the participants’ statements and identified explicit themes. We sought to safeguard transparency and trustworthiness by means of quotations from distinct participations inside the presentation with the findings. During the complete process, we attempted to assess consistency in between the data presented and also the study findings, which includes each major and minor themes. By comparing themes to the naive reading, we strengthened the validity from the evaluation.Ethical considerationsreligious activities, including prayer and singing hymns. Additionally, they observed that residents wanted to connect to them on a personal level. The nurses described residents’ preceding interests, such as nature experiences, culture and traditions as spiritual wants, as.

28]. This raises the question of whether there are further structural features of the DNA molecule, which determine the order of recombination. It is this question that the Sch66336 supplement log-periodic nature of the TCR locus elucidated in our analysis may help answer. In nature there is a tendency for organizational patterns to be repeated over different scales of measurement and for such patterns to be observed across different systems. Fractal organization in the VDJ segment usage in the T-cell repertoire of normal individuals has been observed with the diversity, joining and variable gene segment usage defining a virtual `structure’ that results from Sch66336 clinical trials recombination of the T-cell b receptor locus [10,20,29]. With this background, the proportions between the V and J segment size and intergenic segment lengths between adjacent segments were examined relative to each other and found to be similar, demonstrating spatial symmetry between the TCR regions harbouring the V and J segments. It is likely that the proportional distribution of V and J segment size and spacing between individual segments (fractal organization) in this instance serves to order the ensuing rearrangement process. This may in part explain why in the order of gene segment rearrangement, Db to Jb and DJb or Ja to Vb/a segments, RAG complexes are always directed from the shorter, closely spaced J segments to the longer, more dispersed V segments, such that the reverse does not transpire in the course of normal recombination. Further, the logarithmic scaling implies that the distribution of these size-ordered segments is always similar in their respective sections of the TCR locus, which ensures that RAG complexes do not have to `scan’ an entire sequence of nucleotides to randomly encounter a coding segment, but can potentially align with relevant segments, skipping over given lengths of intergenic material. This would then provide an additional mechanism to complement the 12/23 rule and ensure fidelity of recombination. Epigenetic mechanisms such as RAG2 interacting with methylated histone H3-K4, further facilitates the VDJ recombination [30]. Other sequence motifs critical in terms of facilitating VDJ recombination are the ubiquitous CTCF-cohesin-binding GC-rich consensus sequences [31,32]. These trans-acting factors help bring about conformational changes in the locus, which bring V segments in apposition to J segments allowing successful recombination. However, while they give important mechanistic insights, the sequence motifs and chromatin-based landmarks for recombination still require appropriate scaling–logarithmic–as in the measurements presented here, to yield a quantifiable effect on the TCR recombination process. This hypothesis, if true, suggests that the origin of the fractal properties of the T-cell repertoire clonal distribution is within the arrangement of the TCR loci resulting in an ordered recombination process. The log-periodic nature of other fractal phenomenon encountered in nature supports this postulate [33,34].High-throughput sequencing of TRB has demonstrated a differential representation of the different gene segments in the T-cell clonal repertoire, indicating that some sequences are used at a higher frequency than others [4,5,10]. This has been observed for TCRg as well as TCRb and has been seen for both J and V segments [35]. This recombination bias affects both in-frame and out-of-frame recombined sequences, suggesting that it is not a consequence of thy.28]. This raises the question of whether there are further structural features of the DNA molecule, which determine the order of recombination. It is this question that the log-periodic nature of the TCR locus elucidated in our analysis may help answer. In nature there is a tendency for organizational patterns to be repeated over different scales of measurement and for such patterns to be observed across different systems. Fractal organization in the VDJ segment usage in the T-cell repertoire of normal individuals has been observed with the diversity, joining and variable gene segment usage defining a virtual `structure’ that results from recombination of the T-cell b receptor locus [10,20,29]. With this background, the proportions between the V and J segment size and intergenic segment lengths between adjacent segments were examined relative to each other and found to be similar, demonstrating spatial symmetry between the TCR regions harbouring the V and J segments. It is likely that the proportional distribution of V and J segment size and spacing between individual segments (fractal organization) in this instance serves to order the ensuing rearrangement process. This may in part explain why in the order of gene segment rearrangement, Db to Jb and DJb or Ja to Vb/a segments, RAG complexes are always directed from the shorter, closely spaced J segments to the longer, more dispersed V segments, such that the reverse does not transpire in the course of normal recombination. Further, the logarithmic scaling implies that the distribution of these size-ordered segments is always similar in their respective sections of the TCR locus, which ensures that RAG complexes do not have to `scan’ an entire sequence of nucleotides to randomly encounter a coding segment, but can potentially align with relevant segments, skipping over given lengths of intergenic material. This would then provide an additional mechanism to complement the 12/23 rule and ensure fidelity of recombination. Epigenetic mechanisms such as RAG2 interacting with methylated histone H3-K4, further facilitates the VDJ recombination [30]. Other sequence motifs critical in terms of facilitating VDJ recombination are the ubiquitous CTCF-cohesin-binding GC-rich consensus sequences [31,32]. These trans-acting factors help bring about conformational changes in the locus, which bring V segments in apposition to J segments allowing successful recombination. However, while they give important mechanistic insights, the sequence motifs and chromatin-based landmarks for recombination still require appropriate scaling–logarithmic–as in the measurements presented here, to yield a quantifiable effect on the TCR recombination process. This hypothesis, if true, suggests that the origin of the fractal properties of the T-cell repertoire clonal distribution is within the arrangement of the TCR loci resulting in an ordered recombination process. The log-periodic nature of other fractal phenomenon encountered in nature supports this postulate [33,34].High-throughput sequencing of TRB has demonstrated a differential representation of the different gene segments in the T-cell clonal repertoire, indicating that some sequences are used at a higher frequency than others [4,5,10]. This has been observed for TCRg as well as TCRb and has been seen for both J and V segments [35]. This recombination bias affects both in-frame and out-of-frame recombined sequences, suggesting that it is not a consequence of thy.

Utcome analysis together with AC failure and intraoperative seizure. AC failure. Our primary ASP015K supplement outcome of interest was the failure rate of AC, depending on the used anaesthesia technique. The meta-analysis for the proportion of awake craniotomy failures, depending on the used anaesthetic approach (MAC vs. SAS) included thirty-eight studies (Fig 2) [10,18?6,28,29,32,34?1,43,47?2]. It included the largest of the duplicate studies and excluded the smaller ones [27,42,44], which have also reported this outcome, according to Tramer et al. [14] and van Elm et al. [15]. The particular reasons for AC failures are shown in Table 4 and included all cases where a complete intraoperative awake monitoring of the brain function during the tumour resection could not be achieved. Of note, an AC failure was not only restricted to the cases, where conversion to GA was required. The proportion of AC failures was 2 [95 CI 1?], and the studies showed a substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 61 ) (Fig 2). The relationship of the used technique (SAS/ MAC) as a possible source of the heterogeneity was explored using logistic meta-regression. The OR comparing SAS to MAC was 0.98 [CI95 : 0.36?.69]. The employed anaesthesia technique did not FPS-ZM1 custom synthesis explain a substantial portion of the heterogeneity between studies (QM = 0.001, df = 1, p = 0.972), and the test for residual heterogeneity was significant (QE = 93.70, df = 37, p < 0.001). Conversion into general anaesthesia. The discrepancy between the numbers of required conversion to GA and AC failure rates may be explained as follows: Not every AC failure required conversion into GA and not every conversion into GA was performed during the awake tumour resection phase, but also at the end of surgery, where it did not compromise the success of AC, like in the study of Sinha et al. [58]. Forty-two studies reported 47 unplanned conversions into GA during totally 4971 AC procedures [10,17?9,31?7,39,40,42?4,47?2]. The particular reasons for unplanned conversion into GA are shown in Table 4. After exclusion of the duplicate studies [27,31,42,44] and the AAA study of Hansen et al. [33], our meta-analysis showed a total proportion of conversion into GA of 2 [95 CI 1?] (Fig 3). Logistic metaregression was also performed for this outcome, to analyse if the used technique (SAS/ MAC) may explain the differences between the studies. The OR comparing SAS to MAC was 2.17 [95 CI: 1.22?.85] and the likelihood ratio test (LR test) showed a significant p-value of 0.03. However, the predicted proportion of conversions in the MAC and SAS group were not substantially different (MAC: 2 [95 CI: 1?], SAS: 3 [95 CI: 2?]). Seizures. Threatening adverse events during AC are seizures. The most seizures in the included studies were triggered by electrical cortical stimulation and were self-limited after cessation of cortical stimulation. The other could be treated with cold saline solution, or finally with anticonvulsive medication, or low doses of propofol, thiopental or benzodiazepines. Discontinuation of AC was rarely necessary. Thirty-nine studies reported the incidence ofPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,30 /Anaesthesia Management for Awake CraniotomyFig 3. Forrest plot of conversion into general anaesthesia. The summary value is an overall estimate from a random-effect model. The vertical dotted line shows an overall estimate of outcome proportion (based on the meta-analysis) disregarding grouping by technique. Of note, Souter et al.Utcome analysis together with AC failure and intraoperative seizure. AC failure. Our primary outcome of interest was the failure rate of AC, depending on the used anaesthesia technique. The meta-analysis for the proportion of awake craniotomy failures, depending on the used anaesthetic approach (MAC vs. SAS) included thirty-eight studies (Fig 2) [10,18?6,28,29,32,34?1,43,47?2]. It included the largest of the duplicate studies and excluded the smaller ones [27,42,44], which have also reported this outcome, according to Tramer et al. [14] and van Elm et al. [15]. The particular reasons for AC failures are shown in Table 4 and included all cases where a complete intraoperative awake monitoring of the brain function during the tumour resection could not be achieved. Of note, an AC failure was not only restricted to the cases, where conversion to GA was required. The proportion of AC failures was 2 [95 CI 1?], and the studies showed a substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 61 ) (Fig 2). The relationship of the used technique (SAS/ MAC) as a possible source of the heterogeneity was explored using logistic meta-regression. The OR comparing SAS to MAC was 0.98 [CI95 : 0.36?.69]. The employed anaesthesia technique did not explain a substantial portion of the heterogeneity between studies (QM = 0.001, df = 1, p = 0.972), and the test for residual heterogeneity was significant (QE = 93.70, df = 37, p < 0.001). Conversion into general anaesthesia. The discrepancy between the numbers of required conversion to GA and AC failure rates may be explained as follows: Not every AC failure required conversion into GA and not every conversion into GA was performed during the awake tumour resection phase, but also at the end of surgery, where it did not compromise the success of AC, like in the study of Sinha et al. [58]. Forty-two studies reported 47 unplanned conversions into GA during totally 4971 AC procedures [10,17?9,31?7,39,40,42?4,47?2]. The particular reasons for unplanned conversion into GA are shown in Table 4. After exclusion of the duplicate studies [27,31,42,44] and the AAA study of Hansen et al. [33], our meta-analysis showed a total proportion of conversion into GA of 2 [95 CI 1?] (Fig 3). Logistic metaregression was also performed for this outcome, to analyse if the used technique (SAS/ MAC) may explain the differences between the studies. The OR comparing SAS to MAC was 2.17 [95 CI: 1.22?.85] and the likelihood ratio test (LR test) showed a significant p-value of 0.03. However, the predicted proportion of conversions in the MAC and SAS group were not substantially different (MAC: 2 [95 CI: 1?], SAS: 3 [95 CI: 2?]). Seizures. Threatening adverse events during AC are seizures. The most seizures in the included studies were triggered by electrical cortical stimulation and were self-limited after cessation of cortical stimulation. The other could be treated with cold saline solution, or finally with anticonvulsive medication, or low doses of propofol, thiopental or benzodiazepines. Discontinuation of AC was rarely necessary. Thirty-nine studies reported the incidence ofPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,30 /Anaesthesia Management for Awake CraniotomyFig 3. Forrest plot of conversion into general anaesthesia. The summary value is an overall estimate from a random-effect model. The vertical dotted line shows an overall estimate of outcome proportion (based on the meta-analysis) disregarding grouping by technique. Of note, Souter et al.

Ion[27][21]Vertical Patterns Circular Patterns Horizontal Patterns[34] [34] [34]doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123705.tsimply representative of age-related and/or speed-related factors. Identifying all potential confounders in this type of research and reporting how they have been accounted for in the analyses is critical to ensuring that any changes in outcome can be confidently attributed to the treatment or disease of interest. Collectively, the results of the methodological quality assessment identifiedPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123705 April 20,16 /Wearable Sensors for Assessing Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s Diseasethat issues related to internal and external (-)-Blebbistatin site validity, as well as statistical power are typically poorly reported in the literature. It should be emphasised that this does not suggest that the authors did not consider some or all of these factors, but TSAMedChemExpress TSA rather suggests that these areas should be given more attention in the reporting of future research. To improve the overall methodological quality of research in this area, it is recommended that scientists use existing research reporting guidelines (e.g. CONSORT, STROBE) when designing and planning the reporting of their studies. Despite the outlined shortcomings in the reporting of the methods, 81 of the studies described differences between different PD groups and/or a healthy control group for one or more of their sensor-based measures of standing balance or walking stability [13, 14, 17?2, 25?7, 29?7, 39, 40]. However, contradictory findings reported in separate studies suggest that some of the reported outcomes may be more robust than others. For example, two studies that compared PD patients with controls using a standing balance assessment reported no significant differences between the groups for jerk scores [37, 38], while three others reported significantly greater jerk scores for PD patients [13, 25, 26]. Similarly, two studies reported no differences between people with PD and controls for RMS accelerations [24, 38], while three studies reported significantly greater RMS accelerations for PD patients [13, 25, 26]. Sway velocity was another common measure used to evaluate standing balance, but similarly only three studies [25, 26, 33] reported differences between people with PD and controls, while the remaining three did not [13, 32, 38]. It is interesting to note, however, that contradictory findings were presented by the three studies reporting differences between patients and controls for sway velocity, as one study reported reduced values for PD patients while standing with eyes closed [33], while the others reported greater values for people with PD while standing with eyes open [25, 26], but not eyes closed [26]. While each of the studies that assessed standing balance derived their outcomes from a wearable sensor positioned on the trunk [13, 24?6, 32, 33, 37, 38], there were some methodological differences that may explain the discrepancies observed between the studies’ reported outcomes. The studies unable to report significant differences in jerk scores, RMS accelerations and sway velocities assessed standing balance using a semi-tandem stance test [38], the Sensory Organisation Test [24], the Romberg test [32] or an instrumented version of the functional reach test [37]. In contrast, the studies that reported significant differences for jerk, RMS accelerations and sway velocities assessed participants during quiet standing with the heels separat.Ion[27][21]Vertical Patterns Circular Patterns Horizontal Patterns[34] [34] [34]doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123705.tsimply representative of age-related and/or speed-related factors. Identifying all potential confounders in this type of research and reporting how they have been accounted for in the analyses is critical to ensuring that any changes in outcome can be confidently attributed to the treatment or disease of interest. Collectively, the results of the methodological quality assessment identifiedPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123705 April 20,16 /Wearable Sensors for Assessing Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s Diseasethat issues related to internal and external validity, as well as statistical power are typically poorly reported in the literature. It should be emphasised that this does not suggest that the authors did not consider some or all of these factors, but rather suggests that these areas should be given more attention in the reporting of future research. To improve the overall methodological quality of research in this area, it is recommended that scientists use existing research reporting guidelines (e.g. CONSORT, STROBE) when designing and planning the reporting of their studies. Despite the outlined shortcomings in the reporting of the methods, 81 of the studies described differences between different PD groups and/or a healthy control group for one or more of their sensor-based measures of standing balance or walking stability [13, 14, 17?2, 25?7, 29?7, 39, 40]. However, contradictory findings reported in separate studies suggest that some of the reported outcomes may be more robust than others. For example, two studies that compared PD patients with controls using a standing balance assessment reported no significant differences between the groups for jerk scores [37, 38], while three others reported significantly greater jerk scores for PD patients [13, 25, 26]. Similarly, two studies reported no differences between people with PD and controls for RMS accelerations [24, 38], while three studies reported significantly greater RMS accelerations for PD patients [13, 25, 26]. Sway velocity was another common measure used to evaluate standing balance, but similarly only three studies [25, 26, 33] reported differences between people with PD and controls, while the remaining three did not [13, 32, 38]. It is interesting to note, however, that contradictory findings were presented by the three studies reporting differences between patients and controls for sway velocity, as one study reported reduced values for PD patients while standing with eyes closed [33], while the others reported greater values for people with PD while standing with eyes open [25, 26], but not eyes closed [26]. While each of the studies that assessed standing balance derived their outcomes from a wearable sensor positioned on the trunk [13, 24?6, 32, 33, 37, 38], there were some methodological differences that may explain the discrepancies observed between the studies’ reported outcomes. The studies unable to report significant differences in jerk scores, RMS accelerations and sway velocities assessed standing balance using a semi-tandem stance test [38], the Sensory Organisation Test [24], the Romberg test [32] or an instrumented version of the functional reach test [37]. In contrast, the studies that reported significant differences for jerk, RMS accelerations and sway velocities assessed participants during quiet standing with the heels separat.

St and philosopher Herbert Spencer in developing a system of hierarchy of psychological functions, each of these functions having a different “coefficient of reality.” In Janet’s view, an individual could potentially have a large amount of mental energy but be unable to use this within the higher mental functions. With high “psychological tension,” however, he could concentrate and unify psychological phenomena,8. See also: TNA, FD2/20, Report of the Medical Research Council for the year 1933?4, London: HMSO (1935), p. 105. 9. TNA, FD6/3, Medical Research Council Minute Book, January 26, 1927 to June 19, 1936, October 26, 1934, it. 163.JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DOI 10.1002/jhbsORGAN EXTRACTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIATRYthus, engaging in the highest function that of reality (Janet Raymond, 1903; Ellenberger, 1970, pp. 61?37; Valsiner Veer, 2000). Hoskins and Sleeper used this theory to explain the mental changes which followed from thyroid treatment arguing that vital drives and mental energy were altered through endocrine interventions which enabled patients to maintain a stable mental state (Hoskins Sleeper, 1929a). In 1938, Brazier published two articles in the Journal of Mental EPZ-5676 site Science in conjunction with Russel Fraser, a Maudsley physician with a strong interest in endocrinology, and William Sargant, a Maudsley doctor and researcher who had trained with Edward Mapother and was a staunch advocate of physical treatments in psychiatry. These articles referenced Hoskins and Sleeper’s thyroid treatments but critiqued their reliance on psychological theory as a justification for their effectiveness. They claimed that “numerous workers have experimented with thyroid treatment in mental disorder” but these treatments had not been measured effectively (Sargant, Fraser, Brazier, 1938). Instead of relying upon psychological theory, they WP1066 price proposed recording electrical activity in the patient’s body as a measure of the efficacy of thyroid in treating mental illnesses. They claimed that thyroid could be useful in a range of illnesses such as: cases of recurrent katatonic excitement or stupor, cases of acute schizophrenia which exhibit a marked additional depressive component, and cases of depression which form part of a manic-depressive psychosis, or exhibit some depersonalisation, mild confusional features or retardation. Their interest in the depressive aspects of schizophrenia and the psychotic aspects of depression help to explain why they considered it possible to treat schizophrenia and psychosis with thyroid extract. In 1939, Golla took up a new position as director of the newly established Burden Neurological Institute (BNI) in Frenchay, Bristol. The institute was a private charity and Golla had considerable freedom to pursue his own research agenda. He recruited a team of young researchers (including Grey Walter who had worked at the Central Pathological Laboratory) specializing in electrophysiology and endocrinology (Hayward, 2004). By the outbreak of the Second World War, endocrine treatments had become significantly less popular among Maudsley psychiatrists. In their textbook, An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry, Sargant and Eliot Slater, who had served as a medical officer at the Maudsley Hospital from 1931 and worked at Sutton Emergency Hospital during the war, took a critical line (Sargant Slater, 1944, pp. 128?34). They argued that hormones should not be used to trea.St and philosopher Herbert Spencer in developing a system of hierarchy of psychological functions, each of these functions having a different “coefficient of reality.” In Janet’s view, an individual could potentially have a large amount of mental energy but be unable to use this within the higher mental functions. With high “psychological tension,” however, he could concentrate and unify psychological phenomena,8. See also: TNA, FD2/20, Report of the Medical Research Council for the year 1933?4, London: HMSO (1935), p. 105. 9. TNA, FD6/3, Medical Research Council Minute Book, January 26, 1927 to June 19, 1936, October 26, 1934, it. 163.JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DOI 10.1002/jhbsORGAN EXTRACTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIATRYthus, engaging in the highest function that of reality (Janet Raymond, 1903; Ellenberger, 1970, pp. 61?37; Valsiner Veer, 2000). Hoskins and Sleeper used this theory to explain the mental changes which followed from thyroid treatment arguing that vital drives and mental energy were altered through endocrine interventions which enabled patients to maintain a stable mental state (Hoskins Sleeper, 1929a). In 1938, Brazier published two articles in the Journal of Mental Science in conjunction with Russel Fraser, a Maudsley physician with a strong interest in endocrinology, and William Sargant, a Maudsley doctor and researcher who had trained with Edward Mapother and was a staunch advocate of physical treatments in psychiatry. These articles referenced Hoskins and Sleeper’s thyroid treatments but critiqued their reliance on psychological theory as a justification for their effectiveness. They claimed that “numerous workers have experimented with thyroid treatment in mental disorder” but these treatments had not been measured effectively (Sargant, Fraser, Brazier, 1938). Instead of relying upon psychological theory, they proposed recording electrical activity in the patient’s body as a measure of the efficacy of thyroid in treating mental illnesses. They claimed that thyroid could be useful in a range of illnesses such as: cases of recurrent katatonic excitement or stupor, cases of acute schizophrenia which exhibit a marked additional depressive component, and cases of depression which form part of a manic-depressive psychosis, or exhibit some depersonalisation, mild confusional features or retardation. Their interest in the depressive aspects of schizophrenia and the psychotic aspects of depression help to explain why they considered it possible to treat schizophrenia and psychosis with thyroid extract. In 1939, Golla took up a new position as director of the newly established Burden Neurological Institute (BNI) in Frenchay, Bristol. The institute was a private charity and Golla had considerable freedom to pursue his own research agenda. He recruited a team of young researchers (including Grey Walter who had worked at the Central Pathological Laboratory) specializing in electrophysiology and endocrinology (Hayward, 2004). By the outbreak of the Second World War, endocrine treatments had become significantly less popular among Maudsley psychiatrists. In their textbook, An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry, Sargant and Eliot Slater, who had served as a medical officer at the Maudsley Hospital from 1931 and worked at Sutton Emergency Hospital during the war, took a critical line (Sargant Slater, 1944, pp. 128?34). They argued that hormones should not be used to trea.

Dhesion molecules [5, 51]. The function of Cerulein supplier resistin in insulin resistance and diabetes is controversial because many studies have shown that resistin levels increase with enhanced central adiposity and other research have demonstrated a considerable lower in resistin levels in elevated adiposity. PAI-1 is present in improved levels in obesity along with the metabolic syndrome. It has been linked for the increased occurrence of thrombosis in patients with these situations. Angiotensin II is also present in adipose tissue and has a crucial impact on endothelial function. When angiotensin II binds the angiotensin II kind 1 receptor on endothelial cells, it stimulates the production of ROS by means of NADPH oxidase, increases expression of ICAM-1 and increases ET1 release in the endothelium [52?4]. Angiotensin also activates JNK and MAPK pathways in endothelial cells, which leads to enhanced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, impaired PI-3 kinase activity and ultimately endothelial dysfunction and most likely apoptosis. This is among the list of explanations why an ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II type 1 receptor6 blockers (ARBs) safeguard against cardiovascular comorbidity in individuals with diabetes and vice versa [55]. Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a protein downstream from the insulin receptor, that is important for signaling to metabolic effects like glucose uptake in fat cells and NO-production in endothelial cells. IRS-1 in endothelial cells and fat cells could be downregulated by stressors like hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, causing insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. A low adipocyte IRS-1 expression may thereby be a marker for insulin resistance [19, 56, 57]. 5.four. Inflammation. These days atherosclerosis is viewed as to be an inflammatory illness and also the truth that atherosclerosis and resulting cardiovascular disease is more prevalent in patients with chronic inflammatory illnesses like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and ankylosing spondylitis than in the healthful population supports this statement. Inflammation is regarded as a vital independent cardiovascular risk aspect and is related with endothelial dysfunction. Interestingly, a study performed by bij van Eijk et al. shows that individuals with active ankylosing spondylitis, an inflammatory illness, also have impaired microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and capillary recruitment in skin, which improves just after TNF-blocking therapy with etanercept [58]. The existence of chronic inflammation in diabetes is primarily according to the increased plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and TNF PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20407268 [59?1]. Inflammatory cytokines improve vascular permeability, modify vasoregulatory responses, enhance leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, and facilitate thrombus formation by inducing procoagulant activity, inhibiting anticoagulant pathways and impairing fibrinolysis through stimulation of PAI-1. NF-B consists of a family of transcription factors, which regulate the inflammatory response of vascular cells, by transcription of various cytokines which causes an increased adhesion of monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, resulting in cell damage. Alternatively, NF-B can also be a regulator of genes that control cell proliferation and cell survival and protects against apoptosis, amongst other people by activating the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) [62]. NFB is activated by TNF and IL-1 subsequent to hyper.

Nonfinancial decision tasks (Critchley et al., 2002; Grinband et al., 2006; Huettel et al., 2005). The absence of meaningful insula activity after experiencing warmth may reflect attenuated risk perception during subsequent trust decisions, which can lead to increased trust behavior. In addition, converging findings suggest that insula activations reflectSCAN (2011)Y Kang et al. .Craig, A.D., Chen, K., Bandy, D., Reiman, E.M. (2000). CV205-502 hydrochloride site Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Natural Neuroscience, 3, 184?0. Critchley, H.D., Mathias, C.J., Dolan, R.J. (2002). Fear conditioning in humans: the influence of awareness and autonomic arousal on functional neuroanatomy. Neuron, 33, 653?3. Critchley, H.D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Ohman, A., Dolan, R.J. (2004). Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Natural Neuroscience, 7, 189?5. Davis, K.D., Kwan, C.L., Crawley, A.P., Mikulis, D.J. (1998). Functional MRI study of thalamic and cortical activations evoked by cutaneous heat, cold, and tactile stimuli. Jouranl of Neurophysiology, 80, 1533?6. Davis, K.D., Pope, G.E., Crawley, A.P., Mikulis, D.J. (2004). Perceptual illusion of “paradoxical heat” engages the insular cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92, 1248?1. Declaration of Helsinki (BMJ 1991; 302: 1194). Delgado, M.R., Frank, R.H., Phelps, E.A. (2005). Perceptions of moral character modulate the neural systems of reward during the trust game. Natural Neuroscience, 8, 1611?. Dreher, J.C., Kohn, P., Berman, K.F. (2006). Neural coding of distinct statistical properties of reward information in humans. Cerebral purchase PG-1016548 cortex, 16, 561?3. Eisenberger, N.I., Lieberman, M.D., Williams, K.D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290?. Fiske, S.T., Cuddy, A.J., Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends Cognitive Science, 11, 77?3. Gelnar, P.A., Krauss, B.R., Sheehe, P.R., Szeverenyi, N.M., Apkarian, A.V. (1999). A comparative fmri study of cortical representations for thermal painful, vibrotactile, and motor performance tasks. Neuroimage, 10, 460?2. Grabenhorst, F., Rolls, E.T., Parris, B.A. (2008). From affective value to decision-making in the prefrontal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 1930?. Greenspan, J.D., Lee, R.R., Lenz, F.A. (1999). Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain, 81, 273?2. Grinband, J., Hirsch, J., Ferrera, V.P. (2006). A neural representation of categorization uncertainty in the human brain. Neuron, 49, 757?3. Hennenlotter, A., Schroeder, U., Erhard, P., et al. (2005). A common neural basis for receptive and expressive communication of pleasant facial affect. Neuroimage, 26, 581?1. Huettel, S.A., Song, A.W., McCarthy, G. (2005). Decisions under uncertainty: probabilistic context influences activation of prefrontal and parietal cortices. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 3304?1. Ijzerman, H., Semin, G.R. (2009). The thermometer of social relations: mapping social proximity on temperature. Psychological Science, 20, 1214?0. Jabbi, M., Swart, M., Keysers, C. (2007). Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage, 34, 1744?3. Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M., Smith, S. (2002). Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage, 17, 825?1. King-Casas, B., Sharp, C., Lomax-Bream, L., Lohrenz, T., Fonagy, P., Montague, P.R. (2008.Nonfinancial decision tasks (Critchley et al., 2002; Grinband et al., 2006; Huettel et al., 2005). The absence of meaningful insula activity after experiencing warmth may reflect attenuated risk perception during subsequent trust decisions, which can lead to increased trust behavior. In addition, converging findings suggest that insula activations reflectSCAN (2011)Y Kang et al. .Craig, A.D., Chen, K., Bandy, D., Reiman, E.M. (2000). Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Natural Neuroscience, 3, 184?0. Critchley, H.D., Mathias, C.J., Dolan, R.J. (2002). Fear conditioning in humans: the influence of awareness and autonomic arousal on functional neuroanatomy. Neuron, 33, 653?3. Critchley, H.D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Ohman, A., Dolan, R.J. (2004). Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Natural Neuroscience, 7, 189?5. Davis, K.D., Kwan, C.L., Crawley, A.P., Mikulis, D.J. (1998). Functional MRI study of thalamic and cortical activations evoked by cutaneous heat, cold, and tactile stimuli. Jouranl of Neurophysiology, 80, 1533?6. Davis, K.D., Pope, G.E., Crawley, A.P., Mikulis, D.J. (2004). Perceptual illusion of “paradoxical heat” engages the insular cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92, 1248?1. Declaration of Helsinki (BMJ 1991; 302: 1194). Delgado, M.R., Frank, R.H., Phelps, E.A. (2005). Perceptions of moral character modulate the neural systems of reward during the trust game. Natural Neuroscience, 8, 1611?. Dreher, J.C., Kohn, P., Berman, K.F. (2006). Neural coding of distinct statistical properties of reward information in humans. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 561?3. Eisenberger, N.I., Lieberman, M.D., Williams, K.D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290?. Fiske, S.T., Cuddy, A.J., Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends Cognitive Science, 11, 77?3. Gelnar, P.A., Krauss, B.R., Sheehe, P.R., Szeverenyi, N.M., Apkarian, A.V. (1999). A comparative fmri study of cortical representations for thermal painful, vibrotactile, and motor performance tasks. Neuroimage, 10, 460?2. Grabenhorst, F., Rolls, E.T., Parris, B.A. (2008). From affective value to decision-making in the prefrontal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 1930?. Greenspan, J.D., Lee, R.R., Lenz, F.A. (1999). Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain, 81, 273?2. Grinband, J., Hirsch, J., Ferrera, V.P. (2006). A neural representation of categorization uncertainty in the human brain. Neuron, 49, 757?3. Hennenlotter, A., Schroeder, U., Erhard, P., et al. (2005). A common neural basis for receptive and expressive communication of pleasant facial affect. Neuroimage, 26, 581?1. Huettel, S.A., Song, A.W., McCarthy, G. (2005). Decisions under uncertainty: probabilistic context influences activation of prefrontal and parietal cortices. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 3304?1. Ijzerman, H., Semin, G.R. (2009). The thermometer of social relations: mapping social proximity on temperature. Psychological Science, 20, 1214?0. Jabbi, M., Swart, M., Keysers, C. (2007). Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage, 34, 1744?3. Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M., Smith, S. (2002). Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage, 17, 825?1. King-Casas, B., Sharp, C., Lomax-Bream, L., Lohrenz, T., Fonagy, P., Montague, P.R. (2008.