17-Estradiol (E2), through receptor binding and activation, is essential for mammary gland development. It stimulates epithelial proliferation, driving ductal elongation and morphogenesis during puberty. Beyond its developmental role, E2 promotes…
HIV infection is associated with dyslipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated the impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on surrogate markers of atherosclerosis…
**Background** Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays a pivotal role in the innate immune response, serving as a key mediator in the signaling pathways of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Interleukin-1…
The CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex plays a critical role in maintaining electrolyte balance by targeting the WNK4 kinase for ubiquitination and degradation. Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a rare Mendelian…
Production of carp dominates world aquaculture, with over 1.1 million tonnes of rohu carp (Labeo rohita Hamilton) produced globally in 2010. Aeromonas hydrophila is a significant bacterial pathogen responsible for…
**Background** Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. A hallmark of PD pathogenesis is mitochondrial dysfunction and the…
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting millions worldwide, characterized by intense itching, erythema, and skin barrier dysfunction. Its prevalence continues to rise, particularly in industrialized nations,…
**Background** Inflammatory diseases are characterized by an overactive immune response that can lead to tissue damage and chronic organ dysfunction. A key mediator in this process is Bruton’s tyrosine kinase…
Prostate cancer progression is intricately linked to dynamic changes in cellular morphology and communication. A key driver of this transition is the loss of DIAPH3, a cytoskeletal regulator whose genomic…
**Background** Bacterial infections caused by a diverse array of pathogens, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae, remain a significant challenge in global healthcare. Beyond its primary role…