ka complex promotes Aurora B activity to facilitate KT-MT turnover and prevent the accumulation of attachment errors. The Ska complex promotes Aurora B kinase activity at KTs independently of Aurora B centromere targeting Ska-depleted cells, but also with a decrease in Haspin kinasedependent phosphorylation of histone H3 on threonine 3, a chromatin mark important to target the CPC to the inner centromere. This finding prompted us to test whether chromosome scattering associated with cohesion fatigue or perturbed Haspin function may contribute to the decreased Aurora B activity levels in Skadepleted cells, but we found that neither induction of cohesion fatigue nor direct Haspin inhibition lowered Aurora B activity toward histone H3-S10. To assess whether the impairment of Aurora B function in TSU68 web Ska-deficient cells was a result of perturbation of Aurora B kinase activity, we next monitored the levels of active Aurora B using phosphospecific antibodies against the Aurora B activation loop. To exclude effects caused by changes in bulk localization of Aurora B at centromeres, we focused our analysis on Ska-deficient cells with aligned chromosomes and costained the cells with Aurora B antibodies recognizing nonphosphorylated epitopes. We found that the extent of Aurora BT232 phosphorylation at KTs was significantly reduced, indicating that the Ska complex promotes Aurora B kinase activity at KTs. To further corroborate that the Ska complex regulates Aurora B activity independently of its centromere enrichment, we forced Aurora B accumulation at centromeres through expression of a CENP-B-DNA-binding domain -INCENP fusion protein. Although CBDBD-INCENP targeted to centromeres and drove Aurora B centromere enrichment in Ska-depleted cells as efficiently as in control cells, expression of CBDBD-INCENP failed to fully restore Aurora B activation loop phosphorylation. Likewise, ectopic targeting of Aurora B to centromeres did not rescue control levels of MCAK KT localization or H3-S10 phosphorylation. Collectively, these data suggest that the Ska complex enhances Aurora B kinase activity at both KTs and chromosome arms largely independently of its centromere localization. The Ska complex promotes Aurora B activity in an MT-dependent manner Next, we sought to determine the underlying molecular mechanism by which the Ska complex promotes Aurora B activity. Previous work suggested that concentration of the CPC at the inner centromere contributes to Aurora B kinase activity by transactivation. We therefore first examined the localization of CPC subunits in Ska-depleted cells, in which protein levels or complex formation of the CPC was not detectably affected. Although the localization of Aurora B and Borealin was less clearly defined at mitotic centromeres and appeared more diffusely distributed on chromatin in Ska-deficient cells with scattered chromosomes, cells with aligned chromosomes showed only a minor decrease in the centromeric enrichment of both proteins, arguing against the notion that abrogated CPC centromere recruitment is the primary cause for the observed defects in Aurora B substrate phosphorylation. Notably, we also found that CPC displacement from centromeres correlated not only with the alignment status of 80 JCB Volume 215 NumBer 1 2016 Most of the functions of the Ska complex have been linked to its ability to directly associate with spindle MTs. To see whether the Ska complex also requires its MT-binding capability PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19836835 to promote Aurora

Positive cells in gastric mucosa of ctsz2/2 (p = 0.009) and wt mice (p = 0.001). Compared to wt animals with no further increase in F4/80 positivity, ctsz2/2 mice exhibited a prominent infiltration (p = 0.075) of F4/80-positive cells after 50 wpi (Figure 3, left). This was associated with a higher epithelial proliferation index (p = 0,029) at 50 wpi only in infected ctsz2/2, but not in wt mice as assessed by morphometric analysis of Ki-67 staining (Figure 3, right). Typically, Ki67-positive cells present as a small band within the isthmic regions of gastric glands in uninfected wt and ctsz2/2 mice. After infection, the proliferative compartment was expanded with high scores of Ki67 in the bottom of hyperplastic glands and at sites of regeneration. Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing Title Loaded From File metaplasia (SPEM) is associated with progression to gastric cancer [1]. Interestingly, ctsz2/Cathepsin X and Premalignant Host ResponseFigure 1. Colonization efficiency of H. pylori in the corpus mucosa and the induction of Ctsz. (A) Warthin starry staining revealed a stable colonization of the SS1 strain over 50 wpi, whereas the B128 strain failed to stably Ch other. Results in Fig. 1H and Fig. 1I show the colonize the mouse mucosa for more than 24 weeks. Results are shown as of H. pylori-positive tested animals for 12, 24, 36, and 50 wpi with animal numbers of 15/20, 16/20, 11/14, and 7/18 (B128/SS1), respectively. (B) Title Loaded From File Western blots of cell lysates showed induction of Ctsz in H. pylori SS1-, as well as B128-inoculated wt epithelial cells whereas ctsz2/2 cells remained unaffected. CagA was detected in all infection experiments (B) without showing delivery into the Title Loaded From File cytoplasm in fractionated cells (C). Colonization density of corpus mucosa in C57BL/6 wt mice 1315463 ( ) and ctsz2/2 ( ) challenged with H. pylori SS1 for 24, 36 or 50 weeks was semiquantitatively graded of H. pylori levels using Warthin-Starry staining with scores from minimum = 1 to maximum = 3 (D) and quantified using the DDCt method by qRT-PCR (E). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gNmice also exhibited a significantly more severe metaplasia (p = 0.023, closed arrows) associated with oxynthic atrophy at 50 wpi compared to wt animals (Figure 3, middle). Intestinal-type acidic mucin-expressing glands were predominantly detected in ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 3, open arrow). Earlier reports have described a compensatory effect of Ctsz in ctsb2/2 mice, as well as a trend towards higher Ctsb mRNA expression in ctsz2/2 mice [17,20]. In the present study, we analyzed Ctsz and Ctsb protein expression in tissue lysates and spatial distribution in paraffin sections of proximal corpus comparing wt and ctsz2/2 mice. Ctsz expression was absent in ctsz2/2 mice, but increased significantly (p#0.002), depending on H. pylori infection after 24 wpi in wt mice (Figure 4A,B,D). Surprisingly, Ctsb was only minimally increased in non-infected ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 4A,C,F). In line with published human data, Ctsb expression was not induced by H. pylori in either wt or ctsz2/2 mice (Fig.4C,E,F). If expressed, both enzymes show a cytoplasmic staining pattern. Ctsz was predominantly expressed in macrophages, infected surface epithelium, and gastric glands, Ctsb in the surface epithelium and inflammatory cells. Ctsz seems to switch from an apical expression in surface epithelium and foveolae to a basalexpression most notably in deep gastric glands. SPEM is generally negative for Ctsz. Compared to wt animals after long term H. pylori infection, ctsz2/2 mice showed a significantly incr.Positive cells in gastric mucosa of ctsz2/2 (p = 0.009) and wt mice (p = 0.001). Compared to wt animals with no further increase in F4/80 positivity, ctsz2/2 mice exhibited a prominent infiltration (p = 0.075) of F4/80-positive cells after 50 wpi (Figure 3, left). This was associated with a higher epithelial proliferation index (p = 0,029) at 50 wpi only in infected ctsz2/2, but not in wt mice as assessed by morphometric analysis of Ki-67 staining (Figure 3, right). Typically, Ki67-positive cells present as a small band within the isthmic regions of gastric glands in uninfected wt and ctsz2/2 mice. After infection, the proliferative compartment was expanded with high scores of Ki67 in the bottom of hyperplastic glands and at sites of regeneration. Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is associated with progression to gastric cancer [1]. Interestingly, ctsz2/Cathepsin X and Premalignant Host ResponseFigure 1. Colonization efficiency of H. pylori in the corpus mucosa and the induction of Ctsz. (A) Warthin starry staining revealed a stable colonization of the SS1 strain over 50 wpi, whereas the B128 strain failed to stably colonize the mouse mucosa for more than 24 weeks. Results are shown as of H. pylori-positive tested animals for 12, 24, 36, and 50 wpi with animal numbers of 15/20, 16/20, 11/14, and 7/18 (B128/SS1), respectively. (B) Western blots of cell lysates showed induction of Ctsz in H. pylori SS1-, as well as B128-inoculated wt epithelial cells whereas ctsz2/2 cells remained unaffected. CagA was detected in all infection experiments (B) without showing delivery into the cytoplasm in fractionated cells (C). Colonization density of corpus mucosa in C57BL/6 wt mice 1315463 ( ) and ctsz2/2 ( ) challenged with H. pylori SS1 for 24, 36 or 50 weeks was semiquantitatively graded of H. pylori levels using Warthin-Starry staining with scores from minimum = 1 to maximum = 3 (D) and quantified using the DDCt method by qRT-PCR (E). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gNmice also exhibited a significantly more severe metaplasia (p = 0.023, closed arrows) associated with oxynthic atrophy at 50 wpi compared to wt animals (Figure 3, middle). Intestinal-type acidic mucin-expressing glands were predominantly detected in ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 3, open arrow). Earlier reports have described a compensatory effect of Ctsz in ctsb2/2 mice, as well as a trend towards higher Ctsb mRNA expression in ctsz2/2 mice [17,20]. In the present study, we analyzed Ctsz and Ctsb protein expression in tissue lysates and spatial distribution in paraffin sections of proximal corpus comparing wt and ctsz2/2 mice. Ctsz expression was absent in ctsz2/2 mice, but increased significantly (p#0.002), depending on H. pylori infection after 24 wpi in wt mice (Figure 4A,B,D). Surprisingly, Ctsb was only minimally increased in non-infected ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 4A,C,F). In line with published human data, Ctsb expression was not induced by H. pylori in either wt or ctsz2/2 mice (Fig.4C,E,F). If expressed, both enzymes show a cytoplasmic staining pattern. Ctsz was predominantly expressed in macrophages, infected surface epithelium, and gastric glands, Ctsb in the surface epithelium and inflammatory cells. Ctsz seems to switch from an apical expression in surface epithelium and foveolae to a basalexpression most notably in deep gastric glands. SPEM is generally negative for Ctsz. Compared to wt animals after long term H. pylori infection, ctsz2/2 mice showed a significantly incr.Positive cells in gastric mucosa of ctsz2/2 (p = 0.009) and wt mice (p = 0.001). Compared to wt animals with no further increase in F4/80 positivity, ctsz2/2 mice exhibited a prominent infiltration (p = 0.075) of F4/80-positive cells after 50 wpi (Figure 3, left). This was associated with a higher epithelial proliferation index (p = 0,029) at 50 wpi only in infected ctsz2/2, but not in wt mice as assessed by morphometric analysis of Ki-67 staining (Figure 3, right). Typically, Ki67-positive cells present as a small band within the isthmic regions of gastric glands in uninfected wt and ctsz2/2 mice. After infection, the proliferative compartment was expanded with high scores of Ki67 in the bottom of hyperplastic glands and at sites of regeneration. Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is associated with progression to gastric cancer [1]. Interestingly, ctsz2/Cathepsin X and Premalignant Host ResponseFigure 1. Colonization efficiency of H. pylori in the corpus mucosa and the induction of Ctsz. (A) Warthin starry staining revealed a stable colonization of the SS1 strain over 50 wpi, whereas the B128 strain failed to stably colonize the mouse mucosa for more than 24 weeks. Results are shown as of H. pylori-positive tested animals for 12, 24, 36, and 50 wpi with animal numbers of 15/20, 16/20, 11/14, and 7/18 (B128/SS1), respectively. (B) Western blots of cell lysates showed induction of Ctsz in H. pylori SS1-, as well as B128-inoculated wt epithelial cells whereas ctsz2/2 cells remained unaffected. CagA was detected in all infection experiments (B) without showing delivery into the cytoplasm in fractionated cells (C). Colonization density of corpus mucosa in C57BL/6 wt mice 1315463 ( ) and ctsz2/2 ( ) challenged with H. pylori SS1 for 24, 36 or 50 weeks was semiquantitatively graded of H. pylori levels using Warthin-Starry staining with scores from minimum = 1 to maximum = 3 (D) and quantified using the DDCt method by qRT-PCR (E). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gNmice also exhibited a significantly more severe metaplasia (p = 0.023, closed arrows) associated with oxynthic atrophy at 50 wpi compared to wt animals (Figure 3, middle). Intestinal-type acidic mucin-expressing glands were predominantly detected in ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 3, open arrow). Earlier reports have described a compensatory effect of Ctsz in ctsb2/2 mice, as well as a trend towards higher Ctsb mRNA expression in ctsz2/2 mice [17,20]. In the present study, we analyzed Ctsz and Ctsb protein expression in tissue lysates and spatial distribution in paraffin sections of proximal corpus comparing wt and ctsz2/2 mice. Ctsz expression was absent in ctsz2/2 mice, but increased significantly (p#0.002), depending on H. pylori infection after 24 wpi in wt mice (Figure 4A,B,D). Surprisingly, Ctsb was only minimally increased in non-infected ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 4A,C,F). In line with published human data, Ctsb expression was not induced by H. pylori in either wt or ctsz2/2 mice (Fig.4C,E,F). If expressed, both enzymes show a cytoplasmic staining pattern. Ctsz was predominantly expressed in macrophages, infected surface epithelium, and gastric glands, Ctsb in the surface epithelium and inflammatory cells. Ctsz seems to switch from an apical expression in surface epithelium and foveolae to a basalexpression most notably in deep gastric glands. SPEM is generally negative for Ctsz. Compared to wt animals after long term H. pylori infection, ctsz2/2 mice showed a significantly incr.Positive cells in gastric mucosa of ctsz2/2 (p = 0.009) and wt mice (p = 0.001). Compared to wt animals with no further increase in F4/80 positivity, ctsz2/2 mice exhibited a prominent infiltration (p = 0.075) of F4/80-positive cells after 50 wpi (Figure 3, left). This was associated with a higher epithelial proliferation index (p = 0,029) at 50 wpi only in infected ctsz2/2, but not in wt mice as assessed by morphometric analysis of Ki-67 staining (Figure 3, right). Typically, Ki67-positive cells present as a small band within the isthmic regions of gastric glands in uninfected wt and ctsz2/2 mice. After infection, the proliferative compartment was expanded with high scores of Ki67 in the bottom of hyperplastic glands and at sites of regeneration. Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is associated with progression to gastric cancer [1]. Interestingly, ctsz2/Cathepsin X and Premalignant Host ResponseFigure 1. Colonization efficiency of H. pylori in the corpus mucosa and the induction of Ctsz. (A) Warthin starry staining revealed a stable colonization of the SS1 strain over 50 wpi, whereas the B128 strain failed to stably colonize the mouse mucosa for more than 24 weeks. Results are shown as of H. pylori-positive tested animals for 12, 24, 36, and 50 wpi with animal numbers of 15/20, 16/20, 11/14, and 7/18 (B128/SS1), respectively. (B) Western blots of cell lysates showed induction of Ctsz in H. pylori SS1-, as well as B128-inoculated wt epithelial cells whereas ctsz2/2 cells remained unaffected. CagA was detected in all infection experiments (B) without showing delivery into the cytoplasm in fractionated cells (C). Colonization density of corpus mucosa in C57BL/6 wt mice 1315463 ( ) and ctsz2/2 ( ) challenged with H. pylori SS1 for 24, 36 or 50 weeks was semiquantitatively graded of H. pylori levels using Warthin-Starry staining with scores from minimum = 1 to maximum = 3 (D) and quantified using the DDCt method by qRT-PCR (E). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gNmice also exhibited a significantly more severe metaplasia (p = 0.023, closed arrows) associated with oxynthic atrophy at 50 wpi compared to wt animals (Figure 3, middle). Intestinal-type acidic mucin-expressing glands were predominantly detected in ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 3, open arrow). Earlier reports have described a compensatory effect of Ctsz in ctsb2/2 mice, as well as a trend towards higher Ctsb mRNA expression in ctsz2/2 mice [17,20]. In the present study, we analyzed Ctsz and Ctsb protein expression in tissue lysates and spatial distribution in paraffin sections of proximal corpus comparing wt and ctsz2/2 mice. Ctsz expression was absent in ctsz2/2 mice, but increased significantly (p#0.002), depending on H. pylori infection after 24 wpi in wt mice (Figure 4A,B,D). Surprisingly, Ctsb was only minimally increased in non-infected ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 4A,C,F). In line with published human data, Ctsb expression was not induced by H. pylori in either wt or ctsz2/2 mice (Fig.4C,E,F). If expressed, both enzymes show a cytoplasmic staining pattern. Ctsz was predominantly expressed in macrophages, infected surface epithelium, and gastric glands, Ctsb in the surface epithelium and inflammatory cells. Ctsz seems to switch from an apical expression in surface epithelium and foveolae to a basalexpression most notably in deep gastric glands. SPEM is generally negative for Ctsz. Compared to wt animals after long term H. pylori infection, ctsz2/2 mice showed a significantly incr.

Positive cells in gastric mucosa of ctsz2/2 (p = 0.009) and wt mice (p = 0.001). Compared to wt animals with no further increase in F4/80 positivity, ctsz2/2 mice exhibited a prominent infiltration (p = 0.075) of F4/80-positive cells after 50 wpi (Figure 3, left). This was associated with a higher epithelial proliferation index (p = 0,029) at 50 wpi only in infected ctsz2/2, but not in wt mice as assessed by morphometric analysis of Ki-67 staining (Figure 3, right). Typically, Ki67-positive cells present as a small band within the isthmic regions of gastric glands in uninfected wt and ctsz2/2 mice. After infection, the proliferative compartment was expanded with high scores of Ki67 in the bottom of hyperplastic glands and at sites of regeneration. Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is associated with progression to gastric cancer [1]. Interestingly, ctsz2/Cathepsin X and Premalignant Host ResponseFigure 1. Colonization efficiency of H. pylori in the corpus mucosa and the induction of Ctsz. (A) Warthin starry staining revealed a stable colonization of the SS1 strain over 50 wpi, whereas the B128 strain failed to stably colonize the mouse mucosa for more than 24 weeks. Results are shown as of H. pylori-positive tested animals for 12, 24, 36, and 50 wpi with animal numbers of 15/20, 16/20, 11/14, and 7/18 (B128/SS1), respectively. (B) Title Loaded From File Western blots of cell lysates showed induction of Ctsz in H. pylori SS1-, as well as B128-inoculated wt epithelial cells whereas ctsz2/2 cells remained unaffected. CagA was detected in all infection experiments (B) without showing delivery into the Title Loaded From File cytoplasm in fractionated cells (C). Colonization density of corpus mucosa in C57BL/6 wt mice 1315463 ( ) and ctsz2/2 ( ) challenged with H. pylori SS1 for 24, 36 or 50 weeks was semiquantitatively graded of H. pylori levels using Warthin-Starry staining with scores from minimum = 1 to maximum = 3 (D) and quantified using the DDCt method by qRT-PCR (E). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gNmice also exhibited a significantly more severe metaplasia (p = 0.023, closed arrows) associated with oxynthic atrophy at 50 wpi compared to wt animals (Figure 3, middle). Intestinal-type acidic mucin-expressing glands were predominantly detected in ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 3, open arrow). Earlier reports have described a compensatory effect of Ctsz in ctsb2/2 mice, as well as a trend towards higher Ctsb mRNA expression in ctsz2/2 mice [17,20]. In the present study, we analyzed Ctsz and Ctsb protein expression in tissue lysates and spatial distribution in paraffin sections of proximal corpus comparing wt and ctsz2/2 mice. Ctsz expression was absent in ctsz2/2 mice, but increased significantly (p#0.002), depending on H. pylori infection after 24 wpi in wt mice (Figure 4A,B,D). Surprisingly, Ctsb was only minimally increased in non-infected ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 4A,C,F). In line with published human data, Ctsb expression was not induced by H. pylori in either wt or ctsz2/2 mice (Fig.4C,E,F). If expressed, both enzymes show a cytoplasmic staining pattern. Ctsz was predominantly expressed in macrophages, infected surface epithelium, and gastric glands, Ctsb in the surface epithelium and inflammatory cells. Ctsz seems to switch from an apical expression in surface epithelium and foveolae to a basalexpression most notably in deep gastric glands. SPEM is generally negative for Ctsz. Compared to wt animals after long term H. pylori infection, ctsz2/2 mice showed a significantly incr.Positive cells in gastric mucosa of ctsz2/2 (p = 0.009) and wt mice (p = 0.001). Compared to wt animals with no further increase in F4/80 positivity, ctsz2/2 mice exhibited a prominent infiltration (p = 0.075) of F4/80-positive cells after 50 wpi (Figure 3, left). This was associated with a higher epithelial proliferation index (p = 0,029) at 50 wpi only in infected ctsz2/2, but not in wt mice as assessed by morphometric analysis of Ki-67 staining (Figure 3, right). Typically, Ki67-positive cells present as a small band within the isthmic regions of gastric glands in uninfected wt and ctsz2/2 mice. After infection, the proliferative compartment was expanded with high scores of Ki67 in the bottom of hyperplastic glands and at sites of regeneration. Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is associated with progression to gastric cancer [1]. Interestingly, ctsz2/Cathepsin X and Premalignant Host ResponseFigure 1. Colonization efficiency of H. pylori in the corpus mucosa and the induction of Ctsz. (A) Warthin starry staining revealed a stable colonization of the SS1 strain over 50 wpi, whereas the B128 strain failed to stably colonize the mouse mucosa for more than 24 weeks. Results are shown as of H. pylori-positive tested animals for 12, 24, 36, and 50 wpi with animal numbers of 15/20, 16/20, 11/14, and 7/18 (B128/SS1), respectively. (B) Western blots of cell lysates showed induction of Ctsz in H. pylori SS1-, as well as B128-inoculated wt epithelial cells whereas ctsz2/2 cells remained unaffected. CagA was detected in all infection experiments (B) without showing delivery into the cytoplasm in fractionated cells (C). Colonization density of corpus mucosa in C57BL/6 wt mice 1315463 ( ) and ctsz2/2 ( ) challenged with H. pylori SS1 for 24, 36 or 50 weeks was semiquantitatively graded of H. pylori levels using Warthin-Starry staining with scores from minimum = 1 to maximum = 3 (D) and quantified using the DDCt method by qRT-PCR (E). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070242.gNmice also exhibited a significantly more severe metaplasia (p = 0.023, closed arrows) associated with oxynthic atrophy at 50 wpi compared to wt animals (Figure 3, middle). Intestinal-type acidic mucin-expressing glands were predominantly detected in ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 3, open arrow). Earlier reports have described a compensatory effect of Ctsz in ctsb2/2 mice, as well as a trend towards higher Ctsb mRNA expression in ctsz2/2 mice [17,20]. In the present study, we analyzed Ctsz and Ctsb protein expression in tissue lysates and spatial distribution in paraffin sections of proximal corpus comparing wt and ctsz2/2 mice. Ctsz expression was absent in ctsz2/2 mice, but increased significantly (p#0.002), depending on H. pylori infection after 24 wpi in wt mice (Figure 4A,B,D). Surprisingly, Ctsb was only minimally increased in non-infected ctsz2/2 mice (Figure 4A,C,F). In line with published human data, Ctsb expression was not induced by H. pylori in either wt or ctsz2/2 mice (Fig.4C,E,F). If expressed, both enzymes show a cytoplasmic staining pattern. Ctsz was predominantly expressed in macrophages, infected surface epithelium, and gastric glands, Ctsb in the surface epithelium and inflammatory cells. Ctsz seems to switch from an apical expression in surface epithelium and foveolae to a basalexpression most notably in deep gastric glands. SPEM is generally negative for Ctsz. Compared to wt animals after long term H. pylori infection, ctsz2/2 mice showed a significantly incr.

S detector (Thermo Electron, San Jose, CA) incorporated with heated electrospray ionization (H-ESI) interfaces. A Gemini C18 column (5062.0 mm i.d., 3 mm; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) was used for separation of theaflavins and their potential metabolites at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The column was eluted with 100 solvent A (H2O with 0.1 formic acid) for 3 min, followed bylinear increases in B (acetonitrile with 0.1 formic acid) to 70 from 3 to 48 min and to 100 B from 48 to 49 min, and then with 100 B from 49 to 54 min. The column was re-equilibrated with 100 A for 5 min. A Gemini C18 column (15063.0 mm i.d., 5 mm; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) was used for separation of phenolic acids and their potential metabolites at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The column was eluted with 100 solvent A (H2O with 0.1 formic acid) for 5 min, followed by linear increases in B (acetonitrile with 0.1 formic acid) to 100 from 5 to 15 min, and then with 100 B from 15 to 20 min. The column was reequilibrated with 100 A for 5 min. The LC eluent was introduced into the H-ESI interface. The negative ion polarity mode was set for the H-ESI source with the voltage on the H-ESI interface maintained at approximately 4 kV. Nitrogen gas was used as the sheath gas and auxiliary gas. To detect the theaflavins and their metabolites, optimized source parameters, including ESI capillary temperature (300uC), capillary voltage (?0 V), ion spray voltage (3.6 kV), sheath gas flow rate (30 units), auxiliary gas flow rate (5 units), and tube lens (?20 V), were tuned using authentic TFDG. To detect the phenolic acids and their metabolites, optimized source parameters were tuned using authentic gallic acid. These parameters include ESI capillary temperature (300uC), capillary voltage (?0 V), ion spray voltage (3.6 kV), sheath gas flow rate (35 units), auxiliary gas flow rate (15 units), and tube lens (?0 V). The collision-induced dissociation (CID) for H-ESI was conducted with an isolation width of 2 Da and normalized collision energy of 35 for MS2 and MS3. Default automated gain control target ion values were used for MS, MS2, and MS3 analyses. The mass range was from 50 23727046 to 1000 m/z for detection TFs and their metabolites, from 50 to 400 m/z for detection phenolic acids and their metabolites. The mass resolution was 0.6 amu FWHM. Data acquisition was performed with Xcalibur version 2.1.0 (Thermo Electron, San Jose, CA).Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: SS CJ SAI. Performed the experiments: HC SH JRG. Analyzed the data: HC SS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SS NDG. Wrote the paper: SS HC CJ.
Liver diseases and injuries are important medical problem worldwide. Liver purchase Bexagliflozin transplantation is currently the most efficient therapy for liver failure and end-stage liver disease. However, it is Pentagastrin limited by the scarcity of donor, expensive medical 15755315 cost, surgical risk and requiring life-long immunosuppressant agents. The development and application of hepatocytes transplantation has been attempted to treat different forms of liver diseases [1,2,3]. It has minimal invasive procedures and fewer surgical complications compared to the orthotopic liver transplantation. Stem cell transplantation has also gained considerable attention recently. Stem cells have the potential to supportive tissue regeneration andto generate large amounts of donor cells ready for transplantation [4,5,6,7]. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are generated from differentiat.S detector (Thermo Electron, San Jose, CA) incorporated with heated electrospray ionization (H-ESI) interfaces. A Gemini C18 column (5062.0 mm i.d., 3 mm; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) was used for separation of theaflavins and their potential metabolites at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The column was eluted with 100 solvent A (H2O with 0.1 formic acid) for 3 min, followed bylinear increases in B (acetonitrile with 0.1 formic acid) to 70 from 3 to 48 min and to 100 B from 48 to 49 min, and then with 100 B from 49 to 54 min. The column was re-equilibrated with 100 A for 5 min. A Gemini C18 column (15063.0 mm i.d., 5 mm; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) was used for separation of phenolic acids and their potential metabolites at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The column was eluted with 100 solvent A (H2O with 0.1 formic acid) for 5 min, followed by linear increases in B (acetonitrile with 0.1 formic acid) to 100 from 5 to 15 min, and then with 100 B from 15 to 20 min. The column was reequilibrated with 100 A for 5 min. The LC eluent was introduced into the H-ESI interface. The negative ion polarity mode was set for the H-ESI source with the voltage on the H-ESI interface maintained at approximately 4 kV. Nitrogen gas was used as the sheath gas and auxiliary gas. To detect the theaflavins and their metabolites, optimized source parameters, including ESI capillary temperature (300uC), capillary voltage (?0 V), ion spray voltage (3.6 kV), sheath gas flow rate (30 units), auxiliary gas flow rate (5 units), and tube lens (?20 V), were tuned using authentic TFDG. To detect the phenolic acids and their metabolites, optimized source parameters were tuned using authentic gallic acid. These parameters include ESI capillary temperature (300uC), capillary voltage (?0 V), ion spray voltage (3.6 kV), sheath gas flow rate (35 units), auxiliary gas flow rate (15 units), and tube lens (?0 V). The collision-induced dissociation (CID) for H-ESI was conducted with an isolation width of 2 Da and normalized collision energy of 35 for MS2 and MS3. Default automated gain control target ion values were used for MS, MS2, and MS3 analyses. The mass range was from 50 23727046 to 1000 m/z for detection TFs and their metabolites, from 50 to 400 m/z for detection phenolic acids and their metabolites. The mass resolution was 0.6 amu FWHM. Data acquisition was performed with Xcalibur version 2.1.0 (Thermo Electron, San Jose, CA).Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: SS CJ SAI. Performed the experiments: HC SH JRG. Analyzed the data: HC SS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SS NDG. Wrote the paper: SS HC CJ.
Liver diseases and injuries are important medical problem worldwide. Liver transplantation is currently the most efficient therapy for liver failure and end-stage liver disease. However, it is limited by the scarcity of donor, expensive medical 15755315 cost, surgical risk and requiring life-long immunosuppressant agents. The development and application of hepatocytes transplantation has been attempted to treat different forms of liver diseases [1,2,3]. It has minimal invasive procedures and fewer surgical complications compared to the orthotopic liver transplantation. Stem cell transplantation has also gained considerable attention recently. Stem cells have the potential to supportive tissue regeneration andto generate large amounts of donor cells ready for transplantation [4,5,6,7]. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are generated from differentiat.

E 1). Next, the molecular weights based on Porod volumes and forward scattering were computed and compared with the expected molecular weight of the IQ1 IPPmin complex (Table 1). Taken together with the elution profile from sizeexclusion chromatography (Figure 1E), we conclude that the IPPmin protein complex is monodisperse and monomeric in solution. The pairwise distribution functions, P(R), which reflects the inter-atomic distance distributions, were then determined, and are very similarly shaped for each of the IPPmin concentrations (Figure 2C). The asymmetric P(R) functions, which tail-off at higher q values, are consistent with a slightly elongated molecule ?with an asymmetric shape. The P(R) functions peak around 35 A ?, potentially indicating a second with a small shoulder around 50 A structural unit. Dimensionless Kratky plots show the characteristic globular peak for a folded protein (Figure 2D). Since no aggregation or repulsion is evident in the samples and since consistent Rg, Dmax and molecular weight Pleuromutilin site values (Table 1) indicate no conformational change with concentration, `zero extrapolation’ was not performed and data from the highest concentration of IPPmin (7.0 mg/ml) was used for all subsequent analysis.SAXS-based structural modeling of IPPWe performed structural modeling of the SAXS data using two different approaches. Using the P(R) function, ten individual ab initio molecular envelopes (dummy beads models) were reconstructed and averaged. The averaged envelope reveals a slightly extended shape that resembles a bicorne hat (Figure 3A) with ?dimensions 120660640 A, consistent with the experimentally determined Rg and Dmax values (Table 1). The envelope is asymmetric on its long axis, with one end slightly larger than the other. We next conducted rigid body modeling of the two subunits of IPPmin with CORAL [36]. Based on the protein boundaries in the available crystal structures versus our full-length ILK construct, the un-modeled linker between the ILK-ARD and ILK-pKD subunits is 14 residues (residues 171?84; Figure 1A). In rigid body analysis, the relative orientation between ILK-ARD/ PINCH1-LIM1 and ILK-pKD/a-parvin-CH2 (Figure 3B) was refined by simulated annealing using a pre-calculated library of random, self-avoiding loops containing 14 dummy residues to constrain the distance between the two subunits, in order to best fit the experimental scattering data. This results in a model of IPPmin with overall shape similar 1662274 to the averaged molecular envelope, ?with an inter-domain distance of approximately 26 A (Figure 3C). The rigid body model fits well with the experimental data, with a x value of 1.4 (Figure 3D).Figure 3. Structural modeling of IPPmin based on SAXS data. A) Averaged molecular envelope for IPPmin. The approximate envelope ?dimensions (in A) are illustrated. The two views are related by 90u rotation. B) The crystal structures of the individual subunits of the IPPmin complex, ILK-ARD/PINCH-1-LIM1 (PDB code: 3F6Q) and ILKpseudokinase (pKD)/a-parvin-CH2 (PDB code: 3KMU) used in rigid body modeling. ILK is colored magenta, PINCH-1 is green, and a-parvin is blue. C) CORAL [36] rigid body model of IPPmin (ribbons, colored as in B) with the best statistical fit to the experimental data (plotted in D). Overlaid is the averaged molecular envelope. 14 inter-domain dummy residues between the C-terminus of ILK-ARD and the N-terminus of ILKpKD, in the optimal conformation chosen by CORAL, are depicted as ?yellow spheres.E 1). Next, the molecular weights based on Porod volumes and forward scattering were computed and compared with the expected molecular weight of the IPPmin complex (Table 1). Taken together with the elution profile from sizeexclusion chromatography (Figure 1E), we conclude that the IPPmin protein complex is monodisperse and monomeric in solution. The pairwise distribution functions, P(R), which reflects the inter-atomic distance distributions, were then determined, and are very similarly shaped for each of the IPPmin concentrations (Figure 2C). The asymmetric P(R) functions, which tail-off at higher q values, are consistent with a slightly elongated molecule ?with an asymmetric shape. The P(R) functions peak around 35 A ?, potentially indicating a second with a small shoulder around 50 A structural unit. Dimensionless Kratky plots show the characteristic globular peak for a folded protein (Figure 2D). Since no aggregation or repulsion is evident in the samples and since consistent Rg, Dmax and molecular weight values (Table 1) indicate no conformational change with concentration, `zero extrapolation’ was not performed and data from the highest concentration of IPPmin (7.0 mg/ml) was used for all subsequent analysis.SAXS-based structural modeling of IPPWe performed structural modeling of the SAXS data using two different approaches. Using the P(R) function, ten individual ab initio molecular envelopes (dummy beads models) were reconstructed and averaged. The averaged envelope reveals a slightly extended shape that resembles a bicorne hat (Figure 3A) with ?dimensions 120660640 A, consistent with the experimentally determined Rg and Dmax values (Table 1). The envelope is asymmetric on its long axis, with one end slightly larger than the other. We next conducted rigid body modeling of the two subunits of IPPmin with CORAL [36]. Based on the protein boundaries in the available crystal structures versus our full-length ILK construct, the un-modeled linker between the ILK-ARD and ILK-pKD subunits is 14 residues (residues 171?84; Figure 1A). In rigid body analysis, the relative orientation between ILK-ARD/ PINCH1-LIM1 and ILK-pKD/a-parvin-CH2 (Figure 3B) was refined by simulated annealing using a pre-calculated library of random, self-avoiding loops containing 14 dummy residues to constrain the distance between the two subunits, in order to best fit the experimental scattering data. This results in a model of IPPmin with overall shape similar 1662274 to the averaged molecular envelope, ?with an inter-domain distance of approximately 26 A (Figure 3C). The rigid body model fits well with the experimental data, with a x value of 1.4 (Figure 3D).Figure 3. Structural modeling of IPPmin based on SAXS data. A) Averaged molecular envelope for IPPmin. The approximate envelope ?dimensions (in A) are illustrated. The two views are related by 90u rotation. B) The crystal structures of the individual subunits of the IPPmin complex, ILK-ARD/PINCH-1-LIM1 (PDB code: 3F6Q) and ILKpseudokinase (pKD)/a-parvin-CH2 (PDB code: 3KMU) used in rigid body modeling. ILK is colored magenta, PINCH-1 is green, and a-parvin is blue. C) CORAL [36] rigid body model of IPPmin (ribbons, colored as in B) with the best statistical fit to the experimental data (plotted in D). Overlaid is the averaged molecular envelope. 14 inter-domain dummy residues between the C-terminus of ILK-ARD and the N-terminus of ILKpKD, in the optimal conformation chosen by CORAL, are depicted as ?yellow spheres.

He viral load in positive BAL fluids. A CMV and HSV negative specimen was used as a negative control.G. DefinitionsThe CMV infection group was defined as patients suspected of having pneumonia with positive CMV DNA detection in BAL fluid and/or positive antigenemia and/or the presence of IgM for CMV. We did not differentiate between endogenous reactivation or exogenous infection as the cause of the active infection. The HSV infection group was defined as patients suspected ofhaving pneumonia associated with positive HSV DNA detection in BAL fluid, or the presence of IgM for HSV in patients without CMV identification by antigenemia, real-time PCR or specific IgM. 1516647 one third of all patients were ventilated for ARDS. Ten percent of all patients were previously immunosuppressed (Table 1). 2. Virological status. Twenty-six patients (28 ) were included in the HSV group, 22 (24 ) in the CMV group, andI. Statistical AnalysisData are expressed as the median with an interquartile range (IQR) or as number of events (percentage). Continuous variables were compared using a Kruskall-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks, with a pairwise multiple comparisons procedure using Dunn’s method. The chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables. All reported P values are two-sided. For all Table 4. Outcomes.All (n = 93) Mortality at day 60, n ( ) ICU Mortality, n ( ) 32 (34) 32 (34)HSV infection group (n = 26) 11 (42) 11 (42) 14.5 [10?6] 5.5 [0?3] 36.5 [0?5] 18 [11?0] 10 (39) 6 (23) 3 (12) 5 (19) 2 (8)CMV infection group (n = 22) 12 (55)* 12 (55)* 19.5 [13?4]{ 0 [0?]{ 0 [0?5]{ 25.5 [15?3]{ 17 (77)*{ 11 (50)* 10 (46)* 6 (27) 4 (18)Control group p (n = 45) 9 (20) 9 (20) 10 [3?5] 18.He viral load in positive BAL fluids. A CMV and HSV negative specimen was used as a negative control.G. DefinitionsThe CMV infection group was defined as patients suspected of having pneumonia with positive CMV DNA detection in BAL fluid and/or positive antigenemia and/or the presence of IgM for CMV. We did not differentiate between endogenous reactivation or exogenous infection as the cause of the active infection. The HSV infection group was defined as patients suspected ofhaving pneumonia associated with positive HSV DNA detection in BAL fluid, or the presence of IgM for HSV in patients without CMV identification by antigenemia, real-time PCR or specific IgM. 12926553 The “control group” was defined by the absence of a CMV or HSV infection in patients suspected of having pneumonia. A bacterial coinfection required the presence of at least one bacteria at a concentration exceeding 104 cfu/mL in the BAL fluid.Impact of CMV and HSV on Ventilated PatientsTable 3. Virological results.All (n = 93) HSV status, n( )HSV infection group (n = 26)CMV infection group (n = 22)Control group (n = 45)IgM HSV IgG HSV BAL RT-PCRCMV status, n( )3 (3) 81 (87) 31 (33)2 (8) 24 (92) 25 (96)1 (5) 19 (86) 6 (27)0 (0) 38 (84) 0 (0)IgM CMV IgG CMV BAL RT-PCR Antigenemia8 (9) 72 (77) 16 (17) 10 (11)0 (0) 18 (69) 0 (0) 0 (0)8 (36) 20 (91) 16 (73) 10 (46)0 (0) 34 (76) 0 (0) 0 (0)BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; RT-PCR, real time polymerase chain reaction. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051340.tH. Study OutcomesThe primary outcome was mortality for both viruses, evaluated at day 60. 2. Secondary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were the ICU mortality, the day-28 mortality, the number of days with mechanical ventilation, the number of ventilator-free days (days alive and with a successful weaning from mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hrs) between day 1 and day 28, and between day 1 and day 60 [32].1. Primary outcome.statistical tests used, a p value of ,0.05 was considered significant. A Bonferroni method was applied for multiple comparisons when necessary (leading to a significant p value of ,0.016 when applied). Multiple logistic regressions were used to adjust the day 60 mortality regarding 2 pre-defined variables (SAPS II score on admission and SOFA score the day of BAL).Results A. Patients Characteristics1. All patients. During the study period, ninety-three consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria and were prospectively included in the study. Less than 1516647 one third of all patients were ventilated for ARDS. Ten percent of all patients were previously immunosuppressed (Table 1). 2. Virological status. Twenty-six patients (28 ) were included in the HSV group, 22 (24 ) in the CMV group, andI. Statistical AnalysisData are expressed as the median with an interquartile range (IQR) or as number of events (percentage). Continuous variables were compared using a Kruskall-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks, with a pairwise multiple comparisons procedure using Dunn’s method. The chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables. All reported P values are two-sided. For all Table 4. Outcomes.All (n = 93) Mortality at day 60, n ( ) ICU Mortality, n ( ) 32 (34) 32 (34)HSV infection group (n = 26) 11 (42) 11 (42) 14.5 [10?6] 5.5 [0?3] 36.5 [0?5] 18 [11?0] 10 (39) 6 (23) 3 (12) 5 (19) 2 (8)CMV infection group (n = 22) 12 (55)* 12 (55)* 19.5 [13?4]{ 0 [0?]{ 0 [0?5]{ 25.5 [15?3]{ 17 (77)*{ 11 (50)* 10 (46)* 6 (27) 4 (18)Control group p (n = 45) 9 (20) 9 (20) 10 [3?5] 18.

Ardless if malnutrition and starvation continue. If at the beginning of the illness, 34540-22-2 patients feel better and less anxious although they are starving, this might be due to complex biological and psychological mechanisms: depletion in tryptophan resulting from a strict diet could relieve anxiety, as suggested by Kaye et al. [38]. In addition, other effects such as satisfaction at having lost weight, positive reinforcement from peers [39], or battling againsthunger as a source of pleasure and control [40], enable them to experience a degree of “well-being”. However, with time, these effects fade and anxiety and depression re-emerge, along with other rituals and obsessions. It is at this stage that patients are usually admitted to hospitalization. This anxio-depressive recrudescence is also explained by several other factors: the regulation and adaptation of the body to all kinds of nutritional deficiencies and hormonal changes, negative comments concerning extreme thinness, exhaustion, chronicity of the illness and the Sudan I hospitalization itself. Thus the patient can be caught in a vicious circle that drives him/her to ever-lower BMI, sometimes fatal. In fact, the patient adopts again the first strategy, which is starvation, in an attempt to decrease anxiety and depression, as at the beginning of the illness. Unfortunately, this strategy aggravates the anxiety and depression and the vicious circle described by Garner described [39] becomes established.ConclusionsThe present study is a pioneer investigation of relationships between various nutritional indicators and psychological symptoms in severely malnourished AN patients. In contrast with theories set out in the literature, we did not identify any correlations between severely malnourished status and psychological symptoms. However these results suggest several lines of research to confirm this finding. The use of even better nutritional indicators is needed, for example DXA instead of BIA for body composition analysis, and other than albumin and prealbumin proteins as serum markers [41]. The development of a precise measure of the scale of weight loss could be beneficial. Screening for vitamin and minerals levels could also help to distinguish symptoms resembling depression or anxiety, such as irritability, moodiness, restlessness, etc, associated with malnutrition (vitamin deficiencies, mineral depletion and decreased food intake [42?5]). These could mediate the effect of malnutrition on psychological symptoms more markedly than the variables explored in this study. Clinicians and the treating team of AN, should be aware that there could be confusion in the aetiology of certain malnutrition symptoms that appear as depression and anxiety symptoms. The cornerstone of treating AN is still nutrition rehabilitation which should be initiated immediately [2]. Nutrition rehabilitation should start first in order to decrease immediately physical complications and psychological well-being. In practice managing co-occurent anxiety or depression symptoms in ED patients will include the specific treatment of ED, that could lower a part of anxiety and depressive symptoms by nutrition rehabilitation, withdrawal from binges and purges, specific psychotherapy (individual or family therapy) and work on the social impact of the illness.Anorexia NervosaFuture studies with a longitudinal design and a follow up on the evolution during treatment are needed to explore variations in nutritional status in relat.Ardless if malnutrition and starvation continue. If at the beginning of the illness, patients feel better and less anxious although they are starving, this might be due to complex biological and psychological mechanisms: depletion in tryptophan resulting from a strict diet could relieve anxiety, as suggested by Kaye et al. [38]. In addition, other effects such as satisfaction at having lost weight, positive reinforcement from peers [39], or battling againsthunger as a source of pleasure and control [40], enable them to experience a degree of “well-being”. However, with time, these effects fade and anxiety and depression re-emerge, along with other rituals and obsessions. It is at this stage that patients are usually admitted to hospitalization. This anxio-depressive recrudescence is also explained by several other factors: the regulation and adaptation of the body to all kinds of nutritional deficiencies and hormonal changes, negative comments concerning extreme thinness, exhaustion, chronicity of the illness and the hospitalization itself. Thus the patient can be caught in a vicious circle that drives him/her to ever-lower BMI, sometimes fatal. In fact, the patient adopts again the first strategy, which is starvation, in an attempt to decrease anxiety and depression, as at the beginning of the illness. Unfortunately, this strategy aggravates the anxiety and depression and the vicious circle described by Garner described [39] becomes established.ConclusionsThe present study is a pioneer investigation of relationships between various nutritional indicators and psychological symptoms in severely malnourished AN patients. In contrast with theories set out in the literature, we did not identify any correlations between severely malnourished status and psychological symptoms. However these results suggest several lines of research to confirm this finding. The use of even better nutritional indicators is needed, for example DXA instead of BIA for body composition analysis, and other than albumin and prealbumin proteins as serum markers [41]. The development of a precise measure of the scale of weight loss could be beneficial. Screening for vitamin and minerals levels could also help to distinguish symptoms resembling depression or anxiety, such as irritability, moodiness, restlessness, etc, associated with malnutrition (vitamin deficiencies, mineral depletion and decreased food intake [42?5]). These could mediate the effect of malnutrition on psychological symptoms more markedly than the variables explored in this study. Clinicians and the treating team of AN, should be aware that there could be confusion in the aetiology of certain malnutrition symptoms that appear as depression and anxiety symptoms. The cornerstone of treating AN is still nutrition rehabilitation which should be initiated immediately [2]. Nutrition rehabilitation should start first in order to decrease immediately physical complications and psychological well-being. In practice managing co-occurent anxiety or depression symptoms in ED patients will include the specific treatment of ED, that could lower a part of anxiety and depressive symptoms by nutrition rehabilitation, withdrawal from binges and purges, specific psychotherapy (individual or family therapy) and work on the social impact of the illness.Anorexia NervosaFuture studies with a longitudinal design and a follow up on the evolution during treatment are needed to explore variations in nutritional status in relat.

Otal miR-16, miR-30a, miR-223 and miR320b, as well as Ago2 complex-associated miR-16, miR-30a, miR223 and miR-320b in the HL60 cells with or without ATRA treatment. *, p,0.05; **, p,0.01. (DOC) Figure S4 Enhancement of the association of miR-4235p with Ago2 complexes in HeLa MVs by TNFa treatment. A) Relative levels of total miR-423-5p, as well as Ago2 complex-associated miR-423-5p in the HeLa cell-derived MVs. Prior to MV isolation, HeLa cells were treated with or without TNFa. B) The resistance of miR-423-5p in HeLa cellderived MVs to degradation by RNaseA. *, p,0.05; **, p,0.01. (DOC)Supporting InformationTable S1 Plasma miRNA level detected by SolexaAuthor ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KZ CYZ. Performed the experiments: LL DZ LH JZ ZB. Analyzed the data: XC YL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL. Wrote the paper: KZ.Sequencing. Total miRNA copy number = 3780436. Only miRNAs with copy number 1500 were shown. (DOCX)
We originally discovered collagen triple helix repeat BTZ-043 site containing 1 (Cthrc1) in a screen for novel sequences induced in rat carotid arteries upon balloon catheter injury [1]. The response to this injury results in constrictive remodeling with ��-Sitosterol ��-D-glucoside price reduction in lumen size and fibrosis of the adventitia. Cthrc1 was not expressed in normal vessels, but was induced in adventitial cells in remodeling arteries. In addition, Cthrc1 expression was observed in dermal fibroblasts during skin wound healing [1]. Targeted replacement of the first exon of the Cthrc1 gene by a LacZ reporter gene in mice was reported to demonstrate expression of Cthrc1 in inner ear hair cells [2]. This study described abnormalities in inner ear development when Cthrc1 null mice were crossed with mice 1317923 carrying one mutant allele of Vangl2, but these abnormalities were only observed when the compound mutants were on a mixed 129/SvEv-C57BL/6 genetic background and not when the mutants were crossed with outbredCD-1 mice. In connection with in vitro data derived from cocultures of transfected HEK293T, the authors concluded that Cthrc1 is involved in non-canonical Wnt signaling as part of the planar cell polarity pathway [2]. A separate mutant Cthrc1 mouse with deletion of exon 2 was reported to have reduced bone mass [3]. Expression analyses at the RNA level using in situ hybridization have identified the sites of Cthrc1 expression during embryonic development. In addition, our studies have also shown that Cthrc1 is expressed by the activated fibroblast of remodeling tissues following injury [4]. Whether Cthrc1 protein is constitutively expressed in any tissues of normal adult animals has so far remained unclear largely because reliable antibodies suitable for detection of Cthrc1 at the cellular level were not available. The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland, with the anterior pituitary expressing and secreting a variety of hormones and the posterior pituitary releasing oxytocin as well as vasopressin expressed by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. Colloid-Hormonal Functions of Cthrcfilled follicles of the anterior pituitary containing PAS (periodicacid Schiff reaction) positive material have been reported in several vertebrates including humans [5,6]. These follicles have been known to increase in number and size with age. The content of the follicles was reported to include polysaccharides and glycoproteins but none of the known pituitary hormones have hitherto been localized to them. To our knowledge, the fu.Otal miR-16, miR-30a, miR-223 and miR320b, as well as Ago2 complex-associated miR-16, miR-30a, miR223 and miR-320b in the HL60 cells with or without ATRA treatment. *, p,0.05; **, p,0.01. (DOC) Figure S4 Enhancement of the association of miR-4235p with Ago2 complexes in HeLa MVs by TNFa treatment. A) Relative levels of total miR-423-5p, as well as Ago2 complex-associated miR-423-5p in the HeLa cell-derived MVs. Prior to MV isolation, HeLa cells were treated with or without TNFa. B) The resistance of miR-423-5p in HeLa cellderived MVs to degradation by RNaseA. *, p,0.05; **, p,0.01. (DOC)Supporting InformationTable S1 Plasma miRNA level detected by SolexaAuthor ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KZ CYZ. Performed the experiments: LL DZ LH JZ ZB. Analyzed the data: XC YL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL. Wrote the paper: KZ.Sequencing. Total miRNA copy number = 3780436. Only miRNAs with copy number 1500 were shown. (DOCX)
We originally discovered collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (Cthrc1) in a screen for novel sequences induced in rat carotid arteries upon balloon catheter injury [1]. The response to this injury results in constrictive remodeling with reduction in lumen size and fibrosis of the adventitia. Cthrc1 was not expressed in normal vessels, but was induced in adventitial cells in remodeling arteries. In addition, Cthrc1 expression was observed in dermal fibroblasts during skin wound healing [1]. Targeted replacement of the first exon of the Cthrc1 gene by a LacZ reporter gene in mice was reported to demonstrate expression of Cthrc1 in inner ear hair cells [2]. This study described abnormalities in inner ear development when Cthrc1 null mice were crossed with mice 1317923 carrying one mutant allele of Vangl2, but these abnormalities were only observed when the compound mutants were on a mixed 129/SvEv-C57BL/6 genetic background and not when the mutants were crossed with outbredCD-1 mice. In connection with in vitro data derived from cocultures of transfected HEK293T, the authors concluded that Cthrc1 is involved in non-canonical Wnt signaling as part of the planar cell polarity pathway [2]. A separate mutant Cthrc1 mouse with deletion of exon 2 was reported to have reduced bone mass [3]. Expression analyses at the RNA level using in situ hybridization have identified the sites of Cthrc1 expression during embryonic development. In addition, our studies have also shown that Cthrc1 is expressed by the activated fibroblast of remodeling tissues following injury [4]. Whether Cthrc1 protein is constitutively expressed in any tissues of normal adult animals has so far remained unclear largely because reliable antibodies suitable for detection of Cthrc1 at the cellular level were not available. The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland, with the anterior pituitary expressing and secreting a variety of hormones and the posterior pituitary releasing oxytocin as well as vasopressin expressed by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. Colloid-Hormonal Functions of Cthrcfilled follicles of the anterior pituitary containing PAS (periodicacid Schiff reaction) positive material have been reported in several vertebrates including humans [5,6]. These follicles have been known to increase in number and size with age. The content of the follicles was reported to include polysaccharides and glycoproteins but none of the known pituitary hormones have hitherto been localized to them. To our knowledge, the fu.

Gentle protocol to prepare aposymbiotic corals which retained comparable physiological and biochemical performances to their symbiotic counterparts by incubation in seawater only (for Stylophora) or with additional feeding of a nutrient cocktail containing glycerol, vitamins, and a host mimic FAA mixture (for Isopora). Bleaching coral by menthol, as indicated in Fig. 1B, occurred in a significant dose-dependent manner. However, because continuous incubation always caused high mortality, a repeated 8: 16-h menthol (treatment): ASW (resting) treatment cycle was essential for the success of the protocol (Fig. 2). Menthol is a compound known to act on a variety of different membrane receptors, including the transient receptor potential (TRP)M8, TRPA1, and other ionotrophic receptors [39]. The binding of menthol to TRPM8 results in an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and causes a cold sensation in MedChemExpress LED 209 vertebrates 1326631 [40?3]. Menthol was also found to cause antinoci-ceptive and local anesthetic effects in neuronal and skeletal muscles via blocking voltage-operated sodium channels [44]. Menthol is also known to cause many adverse effects to plants, including photoinhibition [45]. In Symbiodinium-associated corals, the mechanism underpinning menthol-induced coral bleaching is not clear. However, based on two different Symbiodinium-releasing modes (ejecting the alga in a cloudy suspension by Isopora and releasing digested alga by Stylophora), the bleaching mechanism might be attributed to Ca2+-triggered exocytosis as described by Pang and Sudhof [46] and/or photoinhibition in Symbiodinium. We ?have no information about Ca2+ movements in the coral host during menthol treatment, but a preliminary study indicated that menthol might inhibit Symbiodinium photosynthesis II activity in the millimolar range (4-h IC50 of 0.72,1.96 mM) which was at a similar level that caused coral bleaching (unpublished data). Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of mentholinduced coral bleaching.Table 2. Contents of free amino acids and activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in tissue homogenates of symbiotic and bleached Isopora palifera with or without nutrient supplementation.TreatmentMDHGDHFree amino acids Total Essential(nmole NAD(P) min Symbiotic control Apo-symbiotic host Apo-symbiotic host fed nutrient A Apo-symbiotic host fed nutrient B 77618a (14) 8666 (9) 109626 (5) 4269 (11) F3,35 = 2.331 P.0.a a a+mg) 4066a (13) 2064 (9)ab a b(pmole mgb a) 103615a (9) 5868b (11) 94611a (5) 8068ab (11) F3,32 = 3.264 P,0.385643a (9) 213621 (11) 372629 (5) 281634 (11) F3,32 = 5.864 P,0.b(5)4165 (8) F3,31 = 3.292 P,0.Essential amino acids followed the definition applied to the sea 4 IBP anemone Aiptasia pulchella [19]. Enzyme activities were determined as the amount of NAD(P)H (in nmol) converted to NAD(P) by 1 mg of protein in 1 min. Nutrient compositions of A and B are described in “Materials and Methods” and Table 1. Numbers in parentheses represent the number of colony replicates, and means followed by the same letter do not significantly differ at p = 0.05 (Fisher’s least significance difference test). Data are the mean6S.E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046406.tMenthol-Induced Aposymbiotic Coral PerformanceTable 3. Contents of free amino acids and activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in tissue homogenates of symbiotic and bleached Stylophora pistillata.TreatmentMDHGDHFree amino acids Tot.Gentle protocol to prepare aposymbiotic corals which retained comparable physiological and biochemical performances to their symbiotic counterparts by incubation in seawater only (for Stylophora) or with additional feeding of a nutrient cocktail containing glycerol, vitamins, and a host mimic FAA mixture (for Isopora). Bleaching coral by menthol, as indicated in Fig. 1B, occurred in a significant dose-dependent manner. However, because continuous incubation always caused high mortality, a repeated 8: 16-h menthol (treatment): ASW (resting) treatment cycle was essential for the success of the protocol (Fig. 2). Menthol is a compound known to act on a variety of different membrane receptors, including the transient receptor potential (TRP)M8, TRPA1, and other ionotrophic receptors [39]. The binding of menthol to TRPM8 results in an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and causes a cold sensation in vertebrates 1326631 [40?3]. Menthol was also found to cause antinoci-ceptive and local anesthetic effects in neuronal and skeletal muscles via blocking voltage-operated sodium channels [44]. Menthol is also known to cause many adverse effects to plants, including photoinhibition [45]. In Symbiodinium-associated corals, the mechanism underpinning menthol-induced coral bleaching is not clear. However, based on two different Symbiodinium-releasing modes (ejecting the alga in a cloudy suspension by Isopora and releasing digested alga by Stylophora), the bleaching mechanism might be attributed to Ca2+-triggered exocytosis as described by Pang and Sudhof [46] and/or photoinhibition in Symbiodinium. We ?have no information about Ca2+ movements in the coral host during menthol treatment, but a preliminary study indicated that menthol might inhibit Symbiodinium photosynthesis II activity in the millimolar range (4-h IC50 of 0.72,1.96 mM) which was at a similar level that caused coral bleaching (unpublished data). Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of mentholinduced coral bleaching.Table 2. Contents of free amino acids and activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in tissue homogenates of symbiotic and bleached Isopora palifera with or without nutrient supplementation.TreatmentMDHGDHFree amino acids Total Essential(nmole NAD(P) min Symbiotic control Apo-symbiotic host Apo-symbiotic host fed nutrient A Apo-symbiotic host fed nutrient B 77618a (14) 8666 (9) 109626 (5) 4269 (11) F3,35 = 2.331 P.0.a a a+mg) 4066a (13) 2064 (9)ab a b(pmole mgb a) 103615a (9) 5868b (11) 94611a (5) 8068ab (11) F3,32 = 3.264 P,0.385643a (9) 213621 (11) 372629 (5) 281634 (11) F3,32 = 5.864 P,0.b(5)4165 (8) F3,31 = 3.292 P,0.Essential amino acids followed the definition applied to the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella [19]. Enzyme activities were determined as the amount of NAD(P)H (in nmol) converted to NAD(P) by 1 mg of protein in 1 min. Nutrient compositions of A and B are described in “Materials and Methods” and Table 1. Numbers in parentheses represent the number of colony replicates, and means followed by the same letter do not significantly differ at p = 0.05 (Fisher’s least significance difference test). Data are the mean6S.E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046406.tMenthol-Induced Aposymbiotic Coral PerformanceTable 3. Contents of free amino acids and activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in tissue homogenates of symbiotic and bleached Stylophora pistillata.TreatmentMDHGDHFree amino acids Tot.

Of Gastric Carcinoma (JCGC) [16].Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies for MUCCells and culture conditions. Human gastric cancer cell lines (SNU-16 and NCI-N87) and pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC1 and CAPAN1) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). Both gastric cancer cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO); PANC1 cells were maintained in DMEM (Sigma-Aldrich);MUC4 and MUC1 Expression in Early Gastric CancersMUC4 and MUC1 Expression in Early Gastric CancersFigure 2. Expression patterns of MUC4/8G7, MUC4/1G8 and MUC1/DF3 in each histological type of gastric carcinoma. Hematoxylineosin (HE) (A), MUC4/8G7 (B), MUC4/1G8 (C) and MUC1/DF3 (D) in papillary adenocarcinoma (pap). HE (E), MUC4/8G7 (F), MUC4/1G8 (G) and MUC1/ DF3 (H) in well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (tub1). HE (I), MUC4/8G7 (J), MUC4/1G8 (K) and MUC1/DF3 (L) in moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (tub2). HE (M), MUC4/8G7 (N), MUC4/1G8 (O) and MUC1/DF3 (P) in mucinous carcinomas (muc). HE (Q), MUC4/8G7 (R), MUC4/1G8 (S) and MUC1/DF3 (T) in solid type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por1). HE (U), MUC4/8G7 (V), MUC4/1G8 (W) and MUC1/DF3 (X) in non-solid type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por2). HE (Y), MUC4/8G7 (Z), MUC4/1G8 (a) and MUC1/DF3 (b) in signet-ring cell carcinoma (sig). MUC4/8G7 was Microcystin-LR expressed in the cytoplasm of pap (B), tub1 (F) and tub2 (J), but not in muc (N), por1 (R), por2 (V) nor sig (Z). MUC4/1G8 was expressed mainly at the cell apexes of pap (C), tub1 (G) and tub2 (K), but not in muc (O), por1 (S) nor por2 (W). MUC4/1G8 expression was seen in the intracytoplasmic mucin substance of sig (a). MUC1/DF3 was expressed mainly at the cell apexes tub2 (L), but not expressed in the cases shown in this figure (D, H, P, T, X and b). Original magnification 6200 (A , M ), 6400 (I , U ). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049251.gCapan1 cells were maintained in 15755315 DMEM/F-12 (Sigma-Aldrich). All media were supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum (GIBCO, Breda, The Netherlands) and 100 U/mL penicillin/ 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich). All cells were incubated in 5 CO2 at 37uC and maintained at sub-confluent levels. RNA extraction and RT-PCR. Total RNA was extracted from the cells using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and quantified by NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer. The obtained mRNA (2ug) was reverse transcribed to cDNA with the High Capacity RNA to cDNA kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The following primers were designed for the subsequent PCR: MUC4, 59- TGGGACGATGCTGACTTCTC-39, 59-CCCCGTTGTTTGTCATCTTTC-39; ACTB, 59-CTCTTCCAGCCTTCCTTCCTG-39, 59-GAAGCATTTGCGGTGGACGAT-39. PCR was performed with the MedChemExpress 58543-16-1 AmpliTaq Gold Fast PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Protein extraction and western blotting. Total cell lysates were prepared using RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). The protein concentration was measured by the BCA assay (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL). An equal amount of protein lysate was resolved on 2 agarose gel containing SDS and passively transferred onto PVDF membrane overnight at room temperature. Membraneswere blocked with 1 skim milk/PBST over 2 hours and subjected to the standard immunodetection procedure using specific primary antibodies. The primary antibodies are as follows: anti-human MUC4 MAb 8G7 (1:1000, generated by Dr. Surinder K. Batra, University o.Of Gastric Carcinoma (JCGC) [16].Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies for MUCCells and culture conditions. Human gastric cancer cell lines (SNU-16 and NCI-N87) and pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC1 and CAPAN1) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). Both gastric cancer cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO); PANC1 cells were maintained in DMEM (Sigma-Aldrich);MUC4 and MUC1 Expression in Early Gastric CancersMUC4 and MUC1 Expression in Early Gastric CancersFigure 2. Expression patterns of MUC4/8G7, MUC4/1G8 and MUC1/DF3 in each histological type of gastric carcinoma. Hematoxylineosin (HE) (A), MUC4/8G7 (B), MUC4/1G8 (C) and MUC1/DF3 (D) in papillary adenocarcinoma (pap). HE (E), MUC4/8G7 (F), MUC4/1G8 (G) and MUC1/ DF3 (H) in well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (tub1). HE (I), MUC4/8G7 (J), MUC4/1G8 (K) and MUC1/DF3 (L) in moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (tub2). HE (M), MUC4/8G7 (N), MUC4/1G8 (O) and MUC1/DF3 (P) in mucinous carcinomas (muc). HE (Q), MUC4/8G7 (R), MUC4/1G8 (S) and MUC1/DF3 (T) in solid type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por1). HE (U), MUC4/8G7 (V), MUC4/1G8 (W) and MUC1/DF3 (X) in non-solid type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por2). HE (Y), MUC4/8G7 (Z), MUC4/1G8 (a) and MUC1/DF3 (b) in signet-ring cell carcinoma (sig). MUC4/8G7 was expressed in the cytoplasm of pap (B), tub1 (F) and tub2 (J), but not in muc (N), por1 (R), por2 (V) nor sig (Z). MUC4/1G8 was expressed mainly at the cell apexes of pap (C), tub1 (G) and tub2 (K), but not in muc (O), por1 (S) nor por2 (W). MUC4/1G8 expression was seen in the intracytoplasmic mucin substance of sig (a). MUC1/DF3 was expressed mainly at the cell apexes tub2 (L), but not expressed in the cases shown in this figure (D, H, P, T, X and b). Original magnification 6200 (A , M ), 6400 (I , U ). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049251.gCapan1 cells were maintained in 15755315 DMEM/F-12 (Sigma-Aldrich). All media were supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum (GIBCO, Breda, The Netherlands) and 100 U/mL penicillin/ 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich). All cells were incubated in 5 CO2 at 37uC and maintained at sub-confluent levels. RNA extraction and RT-PCR. Total RNA was extracted from the cells using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and quantified by NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer. The obtained mRNA (2ug) was reverse transcribed to cDNA with the High Capacity RNA to cDNA kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The following primers were designed for the subsequent PCR: MUC4, 59- TGGGACGATGCTGACTTCTC-39, 59-CCCCGTTGTTTGTCATCTTTC-39; ACTB, 59-CTCTTCCAGCCTTCCTTCCTG-39, 59-GAAGCATTTGCGGTGGACGAT-39. PCR was performed with the AmpliTaq Gold Fast PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Protein extraction and western blotting. Total cell lysates were prepared using RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). The protein concentration was measured by the BCA assay (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL). An equal amount of protein lysate was resolved on 2 agarose gel containing SDS and passively transferred onto PVDF membrane overnight at room temperature. Membraneswere blocked with 1 skim milk/PBST over 2 hours and subjected to the standard immunodetection procedure using specific primary antibodies. The primary antibodies are as follows: anti-human MUC4 MAb 8G7 (1:1000, generated by Dr. Surinder K. Batra, University o.