uring wound healing and compared them to unwounded skin. Although myeloid cells represent only a small fraction of the total cells analyzed in the wound biopsy, 5590 genes exhibited concordant changes in expression with those observed following stimulation of macrophages with tissue homogenate. Gene ontology analysis of this set of genes indicated significant enrichment for biological process terms related to response to wounding, immune response, and cell adhesion. Response to wounding was the most highly enriched gene ontology term associated with genes de-repressed greater than two-fold in Rev-erb DKO tissue homogenate treated macrophages followed by immune response and taxis. De-repressed genes in Rev-erb DKO macrophages with gene ontology annotations linked to response to wounding and immune response are indicated in Genes characteristic of alternate polarization states are co-expressed within individual cells The approaches used thus far evaluated populations of cells. Genes associated with distinct polarization states resulting from activation with MEK 162 single ligands but exhibiting co-expression following treatment with tissue homogenate could reflect co-expression at the single cell level or mutually exclusive expression in subpopulations. To address this question, we performed RT-Q-PCR analysis of mRNA isolated from single cells maintained under control conditions or treated with tissue homogenate for 6 hr. We evaluated panels of mRNAs in triplicates corresponding to genes selectively activated by LPS or LPS+IFNg, IL4, TGFb, or tissue homogenate signals, as well as informative transcription factors and reference genes. After filtering for dead/duplicate cells and eliminating probes with altered melting curves, data was obtained for 30 genes in 80 control cells and 70 homogenate-treated cells. These events include, sustained proliferation, resistance to cell death, induction of angiogenesis, cellular metastasis and a reprogrammed energy metabolism. Warburg discovered that many cancer cells reprogram their glucose metabolism by transitioning from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. Such a metabolic state was termed ‘aerobic glycolysis’ and the ability of cancer cells to acquire this new metabolic state has since been referred to as the ‘Warburg effect’. The phenomenon was understudied for decades, as it became clear, that contrary to Warburg’s assertions, cancers were largely attributable to oncogenes and tumor suppressors, rather than to exclusive changes in metabolic status. However, more recent studies have explored the link between metabolic processes and oncogenesis, and have noted that altered metabolism is an important element that contributes to the etiology of cancer. Drugs targeting key regulators of aerobic glycolysis are being developed to be included in the cancer therapy regimen. Several oncogenic pathways, including PI3K/ TOR, JNK, Ras/ERK, regulate the catalytic activity or expression of key metabolic enzymes. Wang et al. eLife 2016;5:e18126. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.18126 1 of 21 Research article Cell Biology Developmental Biology and Stem Cells Perhaps not any longer universally supported by PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826048 modern evidence in cancer-metabolism, Warburg had also proposed that cancer cells undergo a glycolytic shift for the purpose of generating the bioenergetic makeup of the rapidly dividing cell. Pyruvate is the key metabolite that is used to control the last step of glycolysis in a tumor, and in the p